Zomwe zimachitika mu psychology kapena chiphunzitso cha ntchito ndi sukulu yatsopano yomwe yakhazikika (1920-1930). Ndi njira yatsopano yophunzirira anthu psyche . Icho chimachokera ku gulu lotchedwa "Subject Activity".
Chofunika kwambiri cha ntchitoyi mu psychology
Atheorists pazochitikazo amaona kuti ntchito ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya moyo wokhalapo, yomwe, poyamba, ikukhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe, kuzindikira za zowona. Choncho, zikuonedwa kuti zizindikiro zotsatirazi ndizofunikira m'ntchitoyi:
- Kuchokera pa kubadwa, munthu sachita ntchito, ikukula nthawi yonse yomwe analeredwa , komanso maphunziro.
- Kuchita ntchito iliyonse ya munthuyo imatha kupitirira malire omwe amachepetsa chidziwitso chake, kulenga zonse zauzimu ndi zakuthupi, zomwe, motero, zimathandiza pa chitukuko cha mbiri ndi chitukuko.
- Ntchitoyi imakwaniritsa zosowa zonse zakuthupi, ndi chikhalidwe, ludzu la chidziwitso, ndi zina zotero.
- Lili ndi khalidwe labwino. Choncho, pogwiritsa ntchito, munthuyo amapanga njira zatsopano komanso zatsopano, kuthandizira kukwaniritsa zosowa zake.
Malingaliro a ntchito, amakhulupirira kuti chidziwitso chimagwirizanitsidwa mosagwirizana ndi ntchito za anthu. Ndiyo yomaliza yomwe imayambitsa yoyamba, koma osati mosiyana. Kotero, katswiri wa zamaganizo M. Basov analongosola ndendende khalidwelo, chidziwitso chophatikizidwa mu dongosolo lake. Malingaliro ake, ntchito ndi njira, njira zosiyana zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi ntchito. Vuto lalikulu la njirayi Basov adawona mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha ntchito.
Mfundo zazikuluzikuluzi zikuyendera m'maganizo
S. Rubinshtein, mmodzi mwa omwe anayambitsa sukulu ya Soviet ya ntchitoyi, akudalira chiphunzitso chafilosofi ya mabuku a Marx ndi Vygotsky, anapanga mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso ichi. Imati kuti pokhapokha pachithunzichi, chidziwitso cha munthu ndi psyche wake chimabadwa ndipo amapangidwa ndipo amawonetseredwa m'ntchitoyi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, palibe lingaliro pofufuza, kulingalira za psyche padera. Rubinshtein ankaona kuti sizinali zolakwika m'ziphunzitso za akatswiri (omwe anaphunziranso ntchitoyi) kuti amapereka njira yowonjezera.
Ntchitoyi ikufika mu psychology ya umunthu
Otsatira njirayi amatsutsa kuti umunthu wa munthu aliyense umasonyezedwa pamagwiridwe, monga momwe alili pa dziko lapansi. Mu moyo wake wonse, munthu amachita mbali zosiyanasiyana. Izi zimachokera ku chiyanjano chomwe chimagwirizanitsa ndi moyo. Zina mwazo zimakhala zovuta pamoyo wake. Awa ndiye maziko a aliyense.
Motero, malinga ndi A. Leontiev, m'maganizo, mu umunthu-ntchito, njira ya munthu ndi:
- maubwenzi a anthu ndi dziko lapansi, omwe amapangidwa ndi mgwirizano wa zolinga ndi zochita zawo;
- malumikizano osiyanasiyana omwe amadziwika mwa kuphatikiza zochitika.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito dongosolo mu psychology
Ndicho maziko a miyezo, zenizeni za kachitidwe kafukufuku wa sayansi, mfundo. Chokhazikika chake chimakhala kuti kufufuza kwa makhalidwe a umunthu kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa, malingana ndi momwe zinthu zilili, momwe chimakhalira pa nthawi yophunzira. Njirayi ikuwonetseratu kuti aliyense ali ndi gawo la magawo atatu:
- mitundu yamoyo;
- dongosolo la anthu;
- mu dongosolo la dongosolo la mbiri.