Kuchita khalidwe kwa nthawi yaitali kunkaonedwa kuti ndipamwamba kwambiri pa sayansi yaumaganizo, kulola kuyang'ana kosiyana pa kufufuza kwa malingaliro a maganizo ndi kudzikhazika okha muzochitika monga ndale, zamakhalidwe komanso maphunziro. Ndi akatswiri ambiri a zamaganizo, njira zamakhalidwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizokhazikika komanso zimanyansidwa ndi munthu.
Kodi khalidwe ndi chiyani?
Kuchita khalidwe ndi (kuchokera ku chikhalidwe cha Chingerezi - khalidwe) - imodzi mwa njira zazikuru za maganizo a m'zaka za m'ma 2000. Kufufuza maganizo aumunthu kupyolera mu makhalidwe, chidziwitso chimatsutsidwa panthawi yomweyo. Zomwe zinkafunikira kuti anthu ayambe kukonda khalidwe ndizoziphunzitso za filosofi za John Locke, kuti munthu wobadwayo ndi "bungwe loyera", komanso Thomas Hobbes, yemwe amatsutsa munthu ngati chinthu choganiza. Maganizo onse a munthu mu khalidwe lochepetsedwa amachepetsedwa kale: S → R, ndiye gawo lopatsirana limaphatikizidwa: S → P → R.
Woyambitsa khalidwe
Woyambitsa khalidweli - John Watson adafuna kuti awonetsere zomwe zimachitika m'malingaliro aumunthu, zomwe zimayesedwa ndi zida ndi mayesero, kotero kuti mawonekedwe otchuka anabadwa: khalidwe ndi S → R (zolimbikitsa). Malingana ndi zomwe ineyo ndinaziwona Pavlov ndi M. Sechenov, ndi njira yoyenera yofufuza, Watson ananeneratu kuti kudzatha kutanthawuza ndi kulosera khalidwe ndi kulimbitsa zizolowezi zatsopano za anthu .
Otsatira ena ndi oimirira a khalidwe labwino mu maganizo:
- E. Tolman - anapeza zizindikiro zitatu za makhalidwe (zozizwitsa zosagwirizana, mphamvu za thupi, zolinga zosinthika mkati).
- K. Hull - kuyambitsa ndi kuchitapo kanthu kunayambitsa zamoyo zapakatikati (zosawoneka mkati);
- B. Skinner - amapereka khalidwe lapadera - ogwira ntchito, chiganizo chimatenga mawonekedwe a S → P → R, pomwe P ndizolimbikitsa kutsogolera zotsatira zothandiza, kukonzekera khalidwe.
Zomwe zimakhala zofunika pa chikhalidwe
Kwa zaka makumi angapo kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi khalidwe la nyama ndi anthu, zokhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino zachitika. Kuchita khalidwe ndilo lingaliro lalikulu:
- khalidwe ndizowonetsera ndondomeko zamaganizo kunja;
- Cholinga chachikulu cha khalidwe ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zakunja;
- khalidwe ndi chinthu choyezeratu chomwe chikhoza kuyesedwa, kutsimikiziridwa;
- chilimbikitso ndi chilango chimalamula khalidwe;
- khalidwe ndilolinga ndi lowoneka, pamene chidziwitso ndipo sichidzakhala;
- umunthu - chiwonetsero cha khalidwe / zosankha;
- zomwe munthuyo amachita zimadalira pa zomwe zinamuchitikira kale;
- khalidwe limatsimikiziridwa ndi malo akunja.
Chiphunzitso cha Chikhalidwe
Kuwonekera kwa khalidwe lazinthu sizinapangidwe pamalo opanda kanthu, monga: "kuzindikira" ndi "chidziwitso" kunatayika mtengo wawo ndipo palibe chomwe chingapatse asayansi kuchokera pamaganizo - izi sizikanakhoza kukhudzidwa ndi kuyesedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Chofunika kwambiri cha khalidwe ndi chakuti munthu ndi khalidwe lake poyang'ana zolimbikitsa, zogwirizana ndi asayansi, chifukwa izi ndizochita zomwe zingathe kufufuzidwa. Zofufuza zomwe zimachitika ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya ku Russia I. Pavlov pa zinyama zina mwasinthidwe anasamukira ku makina a laboratories.
Khalidwe labwino mu Psychology
Khalidwe labwino ndilo lingaliro la maganizo lomwe limayankha machitidwe aumunthu pamtima ndikukana chidziwitso ngati chinthu chodziimira yekha. Zaka zambiri mpaka pakati pa zaka XX. psychology monga sayansi, anaphunzira munthu kudzera mu zochitika zamakhalidwe: zosokoneza ndi zochitika, zomwe zinapangitsa kuunika pa zinthu zambiri, koma sanawabweretsere pafupi ndi zochitika zodziwika ndi zosadziwika. Psychological psychology inachititsa kuti munthu azidziŵa zinthu.
Chikhalidwe mu Sayansi Yandale
Khalidwe la ndale ndilo njira yothetsera machitidwe, zomwe ndi kufufuza zochitika zomwe zimakwezedwa ndi ndale, zomwe zimachitika mwa kuyang'anira khalidwe la munthu kapena magulu. Kuchita khalidwe kunayambitsa zofunikira kwambiri mu ndale:
- kuganizira mbali yokhudza maganizo ya ndale, yomwe inali isanatengedwe nkomwe;
- Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonjezera kafukufuku kuti azindikire zotsatira za ndale: chisankho, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ngongole (zolemba kusanthula, mashematical systematization ndi processing).
Khalidwe lachikhalidwe
Maphunziro a anthu ndi zoyesayesa ndi zosagwirizana kwambiri ndi sayansi, ndipo n'zosatheka popanda kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha umunthu, zomwe zikuchitika mu psyche. Chikhalidwe cha anthu chimachokera kumayendedwe a makhalidwe abwino a BF. Khungu, koma mmalo mwa chizoloŵezi "cholimbikitsa → chochitidwa", pali "gawo" lalingaliro, lomwe limaphatikizapo zopangira:
- munthu aliyense ali ndi makhalidwe ake ndi machitidwe ake ku zochitika za kunja;
- Zochitika zakale zimakhudza luso la khalidwe la munthu payekha.
Khalidwe lachikhalidwe
Khalidwe lachikhalidwe linapeza otsatira ake mu maphunziro. Kwa nthawi yaitali, sukulu inali yochokera pa "kulimbikitsa" ndi "chilango". Njira yophunzirira ndi chitsanzo cha khalidwe lachikhalidwe, cholinga chake ndi chakuti chiwerengero chachikulu chiyenera kulimbitsa chikhumbo cha maphunziro, ndipo chikhale ngati "chitonzo" kapena chilango, chifukwa cha wophunzirayo, atakumana ndi zotsatira zosasangalatsa za malingaliro osayenerera okhudza kuphunzira, ayenera kuyesetsa kukonza. Anthu amatsutsa kwambiri khalidwe lachikhalidwe.
Chikhalidwe mu Utsogoleri
Njira zokhudzana ndi khalidwe laumulungu zinayambitsa maziko a sukulu ya sayansi ya makhalidwe mu utsogoleri. Oyang'anira makampani ndi makampani anali ndi malingaliro a khalidwe labwino, ndipo iwo okha anawona kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za lingaliro ili kuti agwirizane mogwira mtima pakati pawo komanso zotsatira zake - kuyendetsa bwino njira zogwirira ntchito m'magulu onse. Kukula kwa malingaliro a khalidwe kumakhala kotheka, chifukwa cha mfundo ziwiri zomwe zapangidwa m'ma 1950 ndi dokotala wa zamaganizo Douglas McGregor:
- Chiphunzitso X. Kulingalira koyambirira, akatswiri amakono akuonedwa kuti ndi amphawi ("kulemetsa kovuta"), koma zomwe zimachitika masiku athu ano. Ambiri mwa ogwira ntchitowo ndi aulesi, osadziwika kuti ali ndi udindo, koma amayamikira kukhazikika ndi chitetezo , choncho amafunikira kuyendetsa utsogoleri wodalirika. Ndondomeko yotereyi ikugwirizana ndi kuopseza anthu kutaya ntchito zawo. Chilango chafala.
- Theory of Y. Lingaliro lamakono, lopitilirapo lozikidwa pa maonekedwe abwino a umunthu wa munthu, chifukwa chaichi, chiyanjano chimapangidwa pakupanga, ntchito zochititsa chidwi zimayikidwa ndipo antchito onse amakopeka kuti asonyeze kuti kampaniyo ikukula chifukwa cha zofuna zawo, luso komanso chilakolako chokhazikika. Mchitidwe wa utsogoleri ndi demokalase. Ogwira ntchito akufuna kukhala ndi kampani.
Kukhala ndi makhalidwe muchuma
Chuma chachuma, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zachikhalidwe za makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe abwino, amawona kuti munthu ali ndi lingaliro lomveka lokha, kukhala womasuka kupanga chisankho chake pamaziko a zosowa zofunika. Lero, pali nthambi zambiri za chuma, chimodzi mwazo ndizo chuma cha khalidwe, chomwe chakhala ndi ubwino uliwonse wa khalidwe. Otsatira za "chuma cha khalidwe" amakhulupirira. Ogulitsawo amangofuna kuchita zinthu zosayenerera, ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwa munthu.
Otsatira a zakuthupi zamakhalidwe apanga njira zingapo zomwe zimalola kulenga ndi kukula kwa makasitomala kufuna:
- Zoipa zopanda pake . Chogulitsidwacho, chosungidwa pa maalumali ndipo chifukwa cha mtengo wake wapamwamba sichifunikira, makampani akutaya njira yodula kwambiri pamsika, ndipo mankhwala, omwe amawoneka otchipa motsatira maziko a atsopano, akugulitsidwa.
- Zopereka zaulere ndi njira yotchuka pakati pa amalonda a manufactures ndi makampani. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amaperekedwa maulendo awiri pa mtengo wofanana, koma umodzi umaphatikizapo chakudya cham'mawa chaulere, chimzake sichoncho. Ndalamayi ngati mawonekedwe a kadzutsa yaulere idzagwira ntchito - munthu amakonda kuganiza kuti akupeza kanthu pachabe.
Zabwino ndi zamanyazi za khalidwe
Ziphunzitso zilizonse, ngakhale ziri zochepa bwanji, zimakhala ndi zolephera zawo, ndipo patapita nthawi, ubwino ndi zovuta zonse za makhalidwe abwino zinayamba kuonekera, komwe kuli koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira za njirayi, komanso komwe kuli bwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zamakono. Mulimonsemo, adokotala sayenera kusiya chida chodabwitsa ichi muzochita zawo ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakhalidwe kumene izi zingapangitse zotsatira zabwino. Ubwino wa khalidwe:
- zonse zomwe angaphunzire, kuziphunzira ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu khalidwe - khalidwe labwino likuwonetsedwa momveka bwino;
- njira yolumikizana ndi sayansi, yothandizidwa ndi zochitika zambiri zothandiza, kuloledwa kuwonjezera psychology monga sayansi;
- khalidwe lakhazikitsa zikhalidwe zamakhalidwe abwino.
Wotsatsa:
- kunyalanyaza kutenga nawo mbali kwa chidziwitso chaumunthu, luso lonse la khalidwe, kuchepetsa kuchitapo kanthu;
- Cholinga , chidziwitso, kupanga mapangidwe a maganizo, ndi kudziwonetsera tokha sichimalingaliridwa ndi makhalidwe;
- munthu amene ali pansi pa zoyesedwa amachitidwa ngati nyama, ndi chikhalidwe chokhalira moyo;
- Khalidwe labwino silimapereka chidziwitso cha chikhumbo cha munthu cha zatsopano ndi zowonjezera.