Pragmatism ndi mawu ozoloŵera ndipo anthu nthawi zambiri amamva izi monga: pragmatism, munthu pragmatic. Mwachizoloŵezi chachiwerengero cha ziwerengero zoimira, mawuwo akugwirizanitsidwa ndi chinachake chofunikira, mosamalitsa, chogwira ntchito ndi zomveka.
Pragmatism - ndi chiyani?
Kuyambira kale, anthu adayesetsa kupereka chirichonse dzina ndi kufotokozera ndi cholinga chenicheni - kutumiza chidziwitso kwa mbadwo wotsatira. Mumasulira kuchokera ku Chigriki. pragmatism ndi - "zochita", "bizinesi", "zokoma." Mukutanthawuza kwake kwakukulu - chiphunzitso chafilosofi, chozikidwa pazochita zowathandiza, monga chifukwa cha zomwe choonadi chotsimikiziridwa chinatsimikiziridwa kapena chikutsutsidwa. Mayi woyamba wa pragmatism monga njira - filosofi wa ku America wa zaka za m'ma 1900. Charles Pierce.
Kodi pragmatist ndi ndani?
Munthu wotchedwa pragmatist ndi munthu amene amachirikiza chiphunzitso cha filosofi - pragmatism. M'lingaliro lamakono la tsiku ndi tsiku, munthu wokhala ndi pragatic ndi munthu wamphamvu, omwe:
- chikhalidwe chachikulu cha kulingalira ndi kulingalira ;
- njira;
- kukana zolinga;
- zonse zimayesedwa pakuchita ("anthu akuchitapo kanthu");
- amadziwa momwe angakonzekere nthawi yake molondola;
- Cholinga chiyenera kukhala ndi konkire chifukwa cha mawonekedwe;
- amapindula chirichonse payekha;
- amayendetsa moyo wake momwe angathere;
Pragmatism ndi yabwino kapena yoipa?
Ngati muwona umunthu uliwonse - muzofunikira zonse. Makhalidwe abwino mu chuma chambiri chimakhala mzere wopanda chizindikiro, ndipo pragmatism sichimodzimodzi. Munthu yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito kukwaniritsa zolinga zake akhoza "kupita mutu pamwamba pa zidendene" popanda kuganizira momwe ena akumvera, kukhala wolimba nthawi zonse. M'dzikoli, anthu oterowo amakhala okhumudwitsa - anthu amawona zotsatira zabwino za ntchitoyi, koma musaganize kuti kuyesayesa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji kwa pragmatist ndikuganiza kuti ndi "mwayi" wokhazikika.
Pragmatism mu filosofi
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa malingaliro a pragmatism, omwe amawoneka ngati njira yodziimira yekha m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, angapezedwe pakati pa akatswiri achifilosofi monga Socrates ndi Aristotle. Pragmatism mu filosofi ndi lingaliro lomwe latembenuzidwa kapena losiyana ndi lingaliro labwino, "atachoka ku chenicheni," kotero amaganiza C. Pierce. Cholinga chachikulu, chomwe chinadziwika kuti "Piers mfundo," chimafotokoza kuti chidziwitso ndizochita kapena kugwirizana ndi chinthucho ndi kupeza zotsatira pazochitika zothandiza. Maganizo a pragmatism akupitiliza kukula mu ntchito za akatswiri ena odziwika bwino:
- W. James (wazaka 1862 - 1910) filosofi-katswiri wa zamaganizo - adapanga chiphunzitso cha chiphunzitso chachikulu. Mu maphunziro adatembenukira kuzinthu zenizeni, zochita ndi zochita zenizeni, kukana zenizeni, maganizo osatsimikiziridwa.
- John Dewey (1859-1952) - ntchito yake inali kuyambitsa pragmatism kuti phindu la anthu likhale ndi moyo wabwino. Chipangizo chamakono ndi njira yatsopano yomwe Dewey amatsatira, zomwe malingaliro ndi ziphunzitso zimapereka patsogolo anthu othandizira monga zida zomwe zimasintha miyoyo ya anthu kuti ikhale yabwino.
- R. Rorty (1931 - 2007) - filosofi neo-pragmatist ankakhulupirira kuti chidziwitso chirichonse, ngakhale kuyesera, ndichabechabe ndipo chikhalidwe chake chilipo.
Pragmatism mu Psychology
Pragmatism mu psychology ndi ntchito yothandiza ya munthu kutsogolera ku zotsatira zinazake. Pali zochitika zomwe pragmatists, ambiri a iwo amuna. Chikhalidwe cha lero chimasonyeza kuti akazi omwe ali ndi kupambana komweko amakwaniritsa zolinga zawo. Njira yamaganizo yokhala ndi maganizo m'maganizo imagawanitsa maonekedwe a umunthu wa munthu kuti apindule (othandiza) ndi opanda pake (kulepheretsa njira yopambana). Kukhala wochenjera ndi pragatism ndi chitsimikiziro cha moyo wabwino, pragmatists amaganizira, pamene akatswiri a zamaganizo amawona malo ofunikira awa osati mu mtundu wa utawaleza:
- pragmatism sizomwe zimapangidwa;
- Nthawi zambiri pragmatis imaphwanya miyambo ndi miyambo ya moyo: kwa iwo zotsatira zake ndi zofunika kwambiri, osati kugwirizana kwaumunthu;
- m'mayiko ambiri chidziwitso chakhala njira yakufa. Kugwirizanitsa anthu kuti akwaniritse zotsatira - kumaonedwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri.
Pragmatism mu chipembedzo
Lingaliro la pragmatism limayambira mu chipembedzo. Munthu wovomerezeka kapena wovomerezeka amatsutsana ndi mfundo yaumulungu kudzera mwa kudziletsa: kusala kudya, kupemphera, kunyalanyaza tulo, kuchita mwakachetechete - izi ndizo zipangizo zothandiza zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri zomwe zimathandiza kulowa mgwirizano wapadera ndi Mulungu. Pragmatism imayesedwa mwatsatanetsatane mfundo ya Chiprotestanti ya ufulu wa chikumbumtima - ufulu wa ufulu wa kusankha ndi chikhulupiriro.
Momwe mungakhalire ndi pragmatism?
Kodi ndibwino kuti tikhale ndi makhalidwe omwe, pamene kuyang'anitsitsa ndi anthu ambiri kumatsutsidwa? Zonse sizili zovuta kwambiri, ndipo pragmatismu yogwiritsira ntchito moyenerera ndiyo njira yabwino pokwaniritsa zotsatira zosatha. Kukula kwa pragmatism kumamangidwa pa kufufuza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo m'moyo wake:
- kuyambira ndi ntchito zing'onozing'ono ndi zolinga - kuwafikitsa kumapeto omveka;
- Kusamalira nthawi yeniyeni: kusunga diary, yomwe imatchula ntchito zonse za tsiku ndi ora;
- Kukonzekera zolinga za kanthawi kochepa komanso za nthawi yayitali (nthawi, zida zogwiritsira ntchito, mndandanda wa anthu omwe angakhale othandiza);
- Kugawidwa kwa ntchito zazikulu mu magawo amodzi ndi sitepe;
- kudzidziletsa: kupeza zosokoneza ndi kuzichotsa, kutsatira ndondomeko yomwe mukufuna;
- kugwira ntchito ndi mtima: kudzikuza wekha kukhala wodekha ndi wamagazi;
- njira ya "chinyengo cha chidziwitso" ndikuti munthu amati mumtima mwake "Ndigwira ntchito pang'ono ndikuwonera kanema, kuyenda", ndi zina zotero. Izi zimathandiza kulimbikitsa maganizo osamvetsetseka kuti agwire ntchito, ndiye kuti mudzipatse mphoto yolonjezedwa.