Kodi kukula nkhaka ndi theoretically wodziwika kwa aliyense masamba munda. Koma nthawi zonse zotsatira zimagwirizana ndi zotsatira zoyenera. Kukolola kochuluka ndi mphotho ya kugwira ntchito mwakhama komanso mwachidwi, kuzindikira zachinsinsi pazitsamba zonse za kulima maluwa okoma.
Nkhaka - kubzala
Zinsinsi za kukula nkhaka ndizosavuta kwambiri. Iwo ndi:
- mu malo abwino;
- kusunga nyengo yabwino;
- njira zothandizira kupewa matenda;
- gulu la kuthirira ndi kuvala pamwamba.
Nkhuka zimamera bwino m'madera olima omwe ali ndi mtunda wa kumtunda pa dothi la mchenga loamy ndi kusalowerera ndale. Koma ngakhale malo abwino kwambiri sungabwere ku chomeracho, ngati kale adabzala dzungu, mavwende, beetroot, mpendadzuwa kapena tomato. Musapangitse agronomists kukula nkhaka m'dera limodzi kwa zaka ziwiri zotsatirazi - izi zingachititse kufalikira kwa matenda ena (fusarium wilt, anthracnose, bacteriosis).
Ulamuliro wa kutentha ndi chinyezi zimatsimikizira momwe mungayambire nkhaka. M'madera otentha, mbewu zabwino zimabzala kubzala m'minda. Njira yobzala mbewu ndi yabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha nyengo ndi nyengo zochepa. Njira iyi ndi yabwino chifukwa imakupatsani inu kukolola koyambirira - kwa masabata 2-3 zomera zomwe adabzalidwa ndi mbande zimatulutsa abale awo omwe adatuluka mu mbeu. Ndondomeko yochuluka yosavuta kupereka chomera ndi chofunika kutentha boma, kuunikira ndi kutsirira mu wowonjezera kutentha.
Technology ya kukula nkhaka - mabedi
Dothi la nkhaka limafuna mosamala kukonzekera. M'dzinja malowa amafunika kulima ndi organic, phosphoric ndi potassium feteleza amayamba. M'chaka, izi sizingatheke, chifukwa zakudya zambiri zimakhala zovulaza zomera. Ngati dothi la acidity liwonjezeka, feteleza wamakona ayenera kuwonjezeredwa. Mankhwala a nayitrogeni feteleza ayenera kupangidwa kumapeto kwa nyengo yobzala nthaka asanayambe kubzala komanso pakakula.
Kulima ndi kusamalira nkhaka pamalo otseguka kudzapereka zotsatira zoyenera ndi kukonzekera bwino mbewu. Zomwe zimabzala ziyenera kutenthedwa, kutenthedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kuyambitsa. Mitengo yofesa masamba iyenera kuchedwa - pakati pa nyengo ya nyengo imatulutsa kukwera koyenera kuti ikhale yoposerapo kusiyana ndi pakati pa May, pamene nthaka ikufika mpaka +15 ... + 17 ° С. Bzalani mbeu muzitsime (ndi nthawi ya 50-60 masentimita, yomwe ili mumzere umodzi kapena awiri). 4-5 Mbewu imayikidwa mu bwino. Kuzama kwa kufesa ndi 2 cm pa nthaka yolemera loamy, mpaka masentimita 4 - pa dothi lopanda mchenga.
Kukula nkhaka mbande
Mbeu zowonjezereka, zofesedwa pansi, zimayamba kubala zipatso kale kwa milungu iwiri kuposa zitsamba zomwe zimakula kuchokera ku mbewu. Pachifukwachi, alimi ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira mmera, makamaka m'madera omwe nyengoyi imakhala kuti mvula sichitha kutentha. Kuphika mbande kumayambira pasanapite nthawi, chifukwa amafunika kuwabzala kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June, ndipo nthawi yobzala pa mbeu ayenera kukhala masamba 3-4 ndi msinkhu wake ayenera kukhala masiku 20-25. Optimal mikhalidwe kulima nkhaka mbande:
- mphika wokhala ndi nthaka yabwino ndi mabowo - kwa mphukira iliyonse;
- malo otentha ndi ofunda ndi kutentha kwa mpweya masana ndi 20-22 ° C, usiku - 18-20 ° C;
- kusowa kwa drafts;
- kuthirira mopitirira malire ndi kuyanika kwa nthaka.
Kulima nkhaka ku mbewu
Kukolola kochuluka ndiko kotheka mutabzala mbewu pamtunda. Pachifukwa ichi, tiyenera kupatsidwa chisankho chapadera pakukonzekera chodzala:
- Mbeu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubzala zaka 2-3 zapitazo;
- Musanafese, zimakhala zowonongeka ndi okalamba mu mankhwala a saline kwa mphindi 5-10 (yankho limakonzedwa ndikuwerengetsera 3 g mchere pa 100 ml ya madzi), mbewu zomwe zawonekera pamtunda zimatayidwa;
- kulima nkhaka sikumapanga popanda kuwonetsa mbeu mu njira zothetsera mankhwala ophera antibacterial ("Fitosporin-M", "Baksis", 1% ya potassium permanganate);
- pa mafakitale, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amayambitsa ndi Kutentha (kwa masiku atatu inoculum imasungidwa kutentha kwa 40 ° C kapena tsiku pa 80 ° C);
- ikabzalidwa mu nthaka yosauka imabzalidwa mu feteleza (zolimbikitsa zowonjezera - "Epin", "Zircon");
- kufesa mu nthaka yofunda;
- zina zowonjezera, momwe mungamere nkhaka ndikuzisamalira, zimadalira zochitika ndi mitundu.
Njira zokula nkhaka
Pali njira zingapo zopangira nkhaka. Zidakonzedweratu ndi zosiyanasiyana, kupezeka kwa danga laulere, ubwino wa nthaka, ulamuliro wa kutentha ndi mbali za ulimi wothirira. Njira zina za kukula nkhaka zimafuna zina zowonjezera pomanga mitengo ndi kugula zida zapadera. Ambiri otchuka pakati pa wamaluwa ndiwo njira zotsatirazi:
- Vasstil. Nkhumba zouluka zimafalikira pa bedi ndikugwiritsa ntchito dzuwa. Kuipa kwa njirayi ndi mwayi waukulu wowononga zimayambira ndi mizu pamene kumasula nthaka ndi kuthirira.
- Pa trellis. Zomera zimabzalidwa mitsinje iwiri, mitengoyo imathamangitsidwa, ndipo waya wa trellis imamangiriridwa kwa iwo. Poyankha funso la momwe mungamerekere nkhaka ndikugwedeza, ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti pakadali pano ndikofunikira kusankha malo otetezedwa ku mphepo ndi ma drafts.
- Mu barre. Njira yapachiyambi yopulumutsira nkhaka zapakati pa nkhokwe zimatengedwa kuti ndi zatsopano, koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakati pa alimi ndi alimi ogalimoto. Miphika imadzazidwa ndi udzu, manyowa, nthaka imathiridwa kuchokera kumwamba, kuthirira madzi ndipo nthaka imasiyidwa kuti iyime kwa sabata. Kenaka chomera mbewu 5-8.
Zomwe zimakulira kukula nkhaka
Nkhuka ndi chomera chokonda kutentha, sichidzalekerera chisanu, ngakhale kutentha kwa + 10 ° C kungakhale koopsa. Utsogoleri wabwino wa masamba ndi 25-30 ° C ndipo chinyezi sichiri chocheperapo kuposa 70-80%. Pa kutentha kwa + 15 ° C, amawombera kukula. Kulima nkhaka kumalo otseguka kumatenga nthawi zambiri kumasula nthaka ndi kumera namsongole. Alimi ogwira ntchito zamakono amasankha kubwezeretsa njira ziwiri zomalizira poyendetsa nthaka .
Kulima nkhaka m'nthaka - kuthirira
Nyengo isanayambe, mbewuyo iyenera kuthiridwa moyenera pamtunda wa 4-6 malita pa 1 m 2 patapita masiku asanu ndi asanu ndi asanu ndi limodzi (6), mtengo wamaluwa ndi zipatso wochuluka umafuna moistening wambiri - 6-12 malita tsiku lililonse. Kuthirira kumafunika ndi madzi ofunda ndipo madzulo. Pofuna kupewa kuwononga mizu yovuta, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zitini komanso zitsulo. Kukula ndi kusamalira nkhaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe kumatanthauza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi okwanira. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi mu nthaka yotayika kungayambitse kupanga mapangidwe ovunda.
Malangizo kukula kwa nkhaka - pamwamba kuvala
Nthawi zonse feteleza imapezeka mndandanda wa zinsinsi za nkhaka. Pokhala ndi mizu yofooka, chomera chimafuna chitsimikizo china chothandizira, chomwe chiri cholemera mu feteleza za organic. Chovala choyamba chapamwamba chimachitika kumayambiriro kwa maluwa, panthawi yogwira ntchito - masiku 10-15 aliwonse. Monga feteleza, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito yankho la zitosi za mbalame (kuchepetsedwa m'madzi 1:20) kapena mullein (mu chiŵerengero cha 1:10). Pamene mukukula pansi pa tchire mungathe kutsanulira peat. Zothandiza nkhaka ndi foliar pamwamba kuvala - kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi wapadera yankho "Ovary" .
Kukula nkhaka m'munda - matenda ndi tizilombo toononga
Matendawa amodzi a nkhaka amakhala ndi wireworms, nsabwe za m'masamba, zimamera, nthata za kangaude. Mukhoza kumenyana nawo pochiza tizilombo ndi tchire ("Fosbetsid", "Agravertin", "Phytoferm", "Carbophos"). Peculiarities kukula kukula nkhaka amati kupewa matenda monga powdery mildew, bacteriosis, anthracnose. Pachifukwa ichi, kuvala mbewu kumachitika, pamene zizindikiro zoyamba za matendawa zikuwonekera, zomera zimayambitsidwa ndi njira yothetsera potassium permanganate, sulfaride, yakuda pansi sulfure.