Kodi chauvinism ndi chiwonetsero chotani pakati pa anthu? Lingaliro limeneli limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ambiri a moyo, likugwirizana kwambiri ndi ndale, moyo wamakhalidwe, chiyanjano cha amuna ndi akazi. Chauvinism imadzitengera yokha chiwonongeko choyambitsa, chimachokera ku malingaliro oipa.
Chauvinism - ndi chiyani?
Mbiri ya chiyambi cha mawu akuti "chauvinism" imachokera ku France kuyambira nthawi ya Napoleon Bonaparte. Msilikali Nicolas Chauvin wa Rochefort, anakhalabe wothandizira wodzipereka kwa mfumu yake kufikira mapeto. Dzinalo linakhala dzina la banja, ilo linasandulika kukhala liwu. Chauvinism m'lingaliro lalikulu ndi lingaliro lalingaliro, lomwe kwenikweni limachokera pa kukhudzika kwa kupambana kwa mtundu umodzi pamwamba pa wina. Ndale zankhanza, kupanikizika ndi njira zomwe ochirikizi amathandizira kuti awononge chidani cha mafuko.
Kodi a chauvinists ndi ndani? Mosiyana ndi dziko, kumene "anthu onse ali ofanana", chauvinists akuwona mtundu wawo uli ndi mphamvu yapadera, mphamvu zokha, ufulu. Fascism ndi umodzi wa machitidwe oopsa a chauvinism, mlandu wa anthu onse. Zotsatira zake - imfa ya mamiliyoni a anthu a mitundu yosiyana, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe ndi chuma.
Chauvinism - Psychology
Lingaliro la chauvinism limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a maganizo osiyana siyana. Chidziwitso cha psychotraumatic cholera, chozikidwa pa chizunzo, chimayika kudzipereka kwa mwanayo mtsogolo mwa njira zolakwika. Mnyamata akhoza kuphunzira zotsatira za ubale wowonongeka pakati pa abambo ndi amayi (kumenyedwa, kuchititsidwa manyazi) ndikunyamulira pulogalamuyi ku banja lake la mtsogolo. Kodi "chikhalidwe cha amuna" chikhoza kuwonetsedwa bwanji m'mayiko akummawa, kumene poyamba maphunziro amapangidwa pa amuna apamwamba kuposa amayi.
Chauvinism ndi xenophobia - kusiyana
Mwachidziwikire, zochitika zonse, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuopa anthu, zimakhala ndi zochitika zotsutsana - zoipa (chidani, osakonda, kunyansidwa). Chiopsezo - chiwonetsero chachikulu - ndiko mantha a munthu kutayika, kuthetsa mtundu wawo. Kuopa kwa xenophobes kumaperekedwa kwa onse akunja: mtundu, mtundu, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo. Chauvinism ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya chiopsezo chaukali yomwe imatsutsa mwatsatanetsatane zofuna za mtundu wake kuvulaza ena.
Zizindikiro za chauvinism
Masiku ano, mawonetseredwe otsegulidwa osatsegulidwa ndi osaloledwa, akuwomberedwa mwachilungamo. Zolinga za ndale zozikidwa ndi zizoloŵezi zoipa sizidzatsogolera kumvetsetsa, kutseguka, mtendere pakati pa mayiko, kotero sichidzasangalala ndi chithandizo cha anthu ambiri. Zotsatira zake ndi zopweteka: nkhondo, chiwawa. Mwa mtundu uliwonse, chauvinism ilipo monga "kayendedwe ka mawonedwe", makamaka kwa amuna. Zizindikiro za chauvinist:
- mwamuna wa chauvinist "mwakhama" akumenyana "motsutsana ndi chauvinism, amatsutsa ena za iye, kupatula iye mwini;
- amadziona yekha wopanda tsankho;
- amachulukitsa "ukulu", "zina" za "chidwi" cha anthu ake;
- kukweza chikhalidwe cha mtundu wake;
- amakhulupirira kuti anthu onse "apamwamba" ayenera kukonda, kuyamikira mtundu wake, kukhumudwa, kusakondana;
- akulemba molondola zolephera za mafuko ena, koma sadziwa zenizeni zabwino ndi makhalidwe a anthu ake.
Mitundu ya chauvinism
Ngati talingalira momveka bwino chitsanzo cha konkire kuchokera ku mbiriyakale, ndiye ku Russia XIX - XX zaka mazana asanu. "Mphamvu zazikulu za mphamvu" - mawu otanthauza ufumu wa amitundu ku mitundu ina, pamodzi ndi a Bolshevik omwe akutsutsana ndi dzikoli komanso ngati malingaliro oopsa anayamba kukambidwa, koma monga chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chiripo m'mayiko a dziko lachitatu. Pakalipano, kudziŵa chomwe chauvinism chiri m'magulu ena a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, akatswiri amasiyanitsa mitundu ingapo:
- chipembedzo (kuvomereza);
- banja;
- mtundu;
- zaka chauvinism;
- chikhalidwe;
- chinenero.
Gender chauvinism
Mosasamala kanthu ka gawo la mawonetseredwe - chauvinism amachokera ku kudana ndi kulamulira kwa ena pamwamba pa ena, kuphwanya, kusagwirizana kwa ufulu. Chiwonetsero chokhazikitsidwa pa chisankho cha amuna ndi akazi chimatchedwa chikhalidwe kapena chiwerewere. Kusiyanitsa kwa chilengedwe cha pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi kumapangitsa kusagwirizana mu machitidwe azale andale, azachuma ndi zachikhalidwe - ichi ndicho lingaliro la kugonana. Maudindo a amuna ndi akazi amathandiza kwambiri kuti asunge zachiwerewere.
Male chauvinism
Amuna angathe kukhala achifundo, achifundo kwa amayi, koma musawaone kuti ali ofanana, mwina chifukwa cha kusiyana maganizo. Male chauvinism - dzina (dzina lina - kugonana), lopangidwa ndi akazi achimerika. Wolemba N. Shmelev ankaganiza kuti mwamuna wachikuyu ndi gawo limodzi la mwamuna. Popanda kuzindikira, munthu nthawi iliyonse angathe kufotokoza zamatsenga za "mkazi wopusa" kapena "mpongozi wake woipa".
Makhalidwe a amuna a chauvinism:
- mawu a anthu ndi lamulo kwa akazi;
- mwamuna ndiye mtsogoleri m'banja;
- malingaliro, malingaliro ndi malingaliro - kusiyana pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi, mwa yemwe yekha kumverera kumakhudza;
- mwamuna nthawizonse amakhala wolondola;
- pakuti munthu - maonekedwe a wokondedwa amalimbikitsidwa, chifukwa cha mkazi - ichi ndikunyoza anthu
Chauvinism chachikazi
Kumapeto kwa zaka za XVIII. Azimayi a mayiko a ku Ulaya anayamba kufotokoza kuti iwo ndi ofanana ndi amuna. Abigail Smith Adams akuti: "Sitidzamvera malamulo, potsata zomwe sitinachite nawo, ndipo maulamuliro omwe samaimira zofuna zathu" adatsikira m'mbiri. Chikazi ndi chiphunzitso, kwa zaka zambirimbiri kupeza mphamvu ndi kukula. Akazi adakwanitsa kupeza ufulu wofanana ndi amuna panthawiyi:
- kukhala ndi maudindo akuluakulu;
- chokha;
- utumiki wa asilikali;
- kusankha ntchito iliyonse;
- ufulu wosankha anthu ogonana nawo.
Zonsezi zinathandiza amayi kukhala amphamvu pakati pa anthu, kukhala othandiza, otchuka. Chauvinism chachikazi ndi lingaliro lomwe linayamba posachedwapa. Mosiyana ndi akazi, kuzindikira ufulu wa amuna ndi kuyesetsa ufulu wofanana nawo, chauvinists - kuchepetsa udindo wa amuna, kutsindika kuti iwo ali apamwamba. Amuna amanena kuti akazi amaphwanya ufulu wawo, onani chisankho monga:
- zaka zoyambirira zopuma pantchito poyerekeza ndi amuna;
- zochepa zochitapo kanthu;
- kufunika kochotsa mitu yoyamba pamaseŵera, mpingo - mkazi sasowa kuchita izi;
- chisankho chochotsa mimba - mkazi akhoza kutenga yekha.
Chauvinism mu Dziko Lino
Kukonda miyambo yathu, njira ya moyo, chipembedzo, chinenero, nyimbo ndizofuna mwachidwi anthu amitundu iliyonse. Kukula kwa chikhalidwe, chitukuko chauzimu kumathandizira kuwona ubwino ndi kukongola kwa mitundu yonse ya chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi. Chikhalidwe chauvinism chimafalitsa choloŵa chawo ngati chokhacho komanso chikhalidwe china - chimapangitsa kuti anthu asamvetse .
Chauvinism mu Baibulo
Kodi chauvinism yamakono ndi chiyani? Palibe lingaliro lodziwika pakati pa akatswiri a zachikhalidwe ndi akatswiri ena. Chiyambi cha zochitika izi zimachokera zaka zakuya. Chikhalidwe cha amuna mu chikhristu chimachokera ku nthano ya kulengedwa kwa dziko lapansi. Mulungu woyamba adalenga Adamu, kuchokera ku nthiti yomwe adamtengera Eva - potonthoza. Kuthamangitsidwa ku Paradaiso ndi chifukwa cha Eva, amene analawa (atapatsidwa chiyeso cha njoka) apulo - chipatso cha chidziwitso. "Mavuto onse a mkazi!" - izi sizinatheke masiku ano.