Nzika za dziko lirilonse zomwe dziko lawo linalota, ndipo mphamvu ya boma inali yoyenera ndikuwona nzika za dziko lawo zikuyenera kulemekezedwa ndi kupindula. Chilungamo ndi boma limene anthu omwe ali oyenerera ndi oyenerera amasankhidwa kuti akhale amphamvu, omwe adzachulukitsa chuma cha boma ndi kusintha moyo wa anthu onse.
Kodi chiyanjano ndi chiyani?
Chifundo ndi chidziwitso chosadziŵika m'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa munthu wamba, mawuwa amadziwika mufilosofi, chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Chilungamo ndi "mphamvu mwachiyero" (Latin meritus - woyenera + ena achigiriki. Κράτος - ulamuliro). Kulankhula koyambirira kwa mfundoyi kumapezeka m'nkhani ya filosofesa wa ku Germany, dzina lake Hannah Arendt, ndiye kuti ulamuliro wa chikhulupilirowu unalimbikitsidwa mu ndale chifukwa cha katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Britain, M.Jung, yemwe analemba "Kuwonjezeka kwa chikhalidwe," ngakhale mthunzi wamanyazi: Olamulira amayenerera omwe ali ndi nzeru zambiri.
Mfundo zomwe zimatchulidwa ndi chikhulupiliro:
- chikhalidwe cha munthu sichimasewera chofunikira pa kusankha osankhidwa;
- zofunikira: maluso apadera, luso, khama, kufunitsitsa;
- mpikisano waufulu;
- kulengedwa kwa zinthu zabwino komanso kusamalira anthu osankhidwa kuti akhale ndi mphamvu.
Chodabwitsa cha umulungu
Mfundo ya ubwino wa mtendere imatha kufotokozedwa m'mawu akuti: "Munthu ayenera kulandira chikhalidwe chake." Ngati munthu aliyense amayesetsa kukhala wangwiro, amazindikira luso lake , ndiye kuti anthu oterowo adzakhala ogwirizana ndipo onse "adzalandira mphoto malinga ndi mkhalidwe". Chiyambi cha zochitika za utsogoleri wa dziko lapansi zimapezeka mu China wakale, panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Zhao, chifukwa cha Confucianism, yomwe ili ndi zikhalidwe zabwino ndi zoyenera zomwe olamulira ayenera kukhala nawo:
- ulemu;
- munthu;
- kudzipindulitsa nthawi zonse, monga njira ya moyo ndi chitsanzo kwa anthu awo.
Makhalidwe aumulungu - ubwino ndi chiwonongeko
Makhalidwe aumulungu ndi mphamvu zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe abwino. M'mafilosofi a filosofi osiyana, chisonkhezero chabwino cha anthu omwe ali ndi luso ndi owuziridwa ndi Mulungu pakupanga chikhalidwe cha anthu chikuwonekera, ndipo kutuluka kwa chikhalidwe kunachitika chifukwa munthu mmodzi wokhala mumzimu, kapena atakwaniritsa kwenikweni lingaliro la Mulungu ndikulipanga kukhala mdziko, atapanga chitukuko chachikulu mu chitukuko.
Makhalidwe aumulungu - zotsatira:
- Atsogoleri omwe ali ndi luso amathandiza kuti chitukuko chitukule;
- kulemera kwa dziko;
- kuthekera kwa kukula mu dongosolo: kuchokera pansi mpaka pang'onopang'ono kusunthira kuntchito;
- Kugawidwa kwabwino kwa ndale kupyolera maubwenzi, chibadwidwe ndi "anthu" awo pofuna kukwezedwa;
- Munthu aliyense yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba ndi luso ali ndi ufulu wofuna udindo wapolisi.
Kudzudzula kwa umulungu kumatsimikiziridwa kuti kulibe njira zonse zodziŵira kuchuluka kwa luso ndi zoyenera pamaso pa anthu. Michael Young ankakhulupirira kuti ngati mukukweza nzeru zokha , ndiye kuti zonsezi ndizo: chifundo, kukoma mtima, kulingalira kumasiya kukhala kofunikira. Anthu omwe amamanga patsogolo pa anzeru omwe ali patsogolo pa anthu omwe ali ndi luso lachibadwa amabereka kusalungama kosawerengeka, komwe kwachitika zaka zambiri.
Chikondwerero cha boma pa ntchito ya boma
Chilungamo ndi mphamvu zozikidwa pazokha, ndipo m'mayiko angapo otukuka ndiwo maziko a ntchito zamakono. Kusankhidwa kwa oyenerera ndizo mwa njira yotseguka mpikisano, komwe aliyense angadziwonetse yekha. Momwe kusankha kumakhalira:
- Zomwe gululi limapanga zimakhazikitsidwa ndi omvera okha, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti zochitika za mpikisano zikugwirizanitsidwa.
- Zolinga zoyenera za kulingalira kwa ntchito ndi zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito izi kapena zotsatilazo zapangidwa.
Chikondwerero ndi Akuluakulu
Pali lingaliro lakuti chiyero chaumulungu ndichifumu, chomwe chiri cholakwika kwambiri. Inde, mphamvu zimatchulidwa kuti ndi anthu olemekezeka, monga anthu olemekezeka, koma kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chikhulupiliro ndi kuti munthu wamba angathe kudzalamulira, zomwe zakhala zothandiza, mosiyana ndi anthu apamwamba, komwe boma ndi udindo wawo walandira, ndizofunikira, maluso ndipo khalidwe silinatengedwe.