Kodi ndi zochitika zotani monga chodabwitsa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu? Oimira masayansi osiyanasiyana amaphunzira zochitikazo muzokambirana zawo. Afilosofi, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu, akatswiri a chikhalidwe, akatswiri amitundu amafuna chidwi ndi mitundu yosiyana siyana. Akatswiri a zamaganizo amalingalira zokhudzana ndi zochitika za amuna kapena akazi. Lingaliro limodzi loti "zozizwitsa" limakwirira mbali zonse za moyo waumunthu.
Zithunzi - ndi chiyani?
Kumapeto kwa zaka zana ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri za sevente, wofalitsa wa ku France F. Dido anapanga chipangizo chomwe chimapulumutsa nthawi, ntchito ndi mtengo wofalitsa mabuku. Zisanayambe, zolemba za bukuli nthawi iliyonse, zilembedwe, zomwe zinayambitsa ndalama zambiri. Chisankho chatsopano cha Dido chinapanga kupanga zolemba kuchokera pazolembedwa, kenako_masitampu a zitsulo anaponyedwa, kuti asindikize mabuku ambiri. F. Dido adatchulidwanso kuti: "στερεός" - lolimba "τύπος" - fano.
Kodi mawu otanthauziridwawo amatanthauzanji monga lingaliro mu dziko lamakono? Mu Walter Lippmann, wolemba zamalonda wa ku America mu 1922 adatchula mawu akuti "kusinthasintha" mmalo mwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kufotokoza tanthauzo lake monga: kusatheka kwa munthu kuti adziwe chithunzi chonse cha dziko lenileni popanda kuphweka. Munthu amachita ntchito yake, osadalira kudziwonekera bwino, koma pazithunzi zopangidwa ndi zokonzedwa ndi ena: achibale, odziwa, dongosolo, dziko.
Mitundu ya zolakwika
Mwanayo amabadwa ndipo mkaka wa amayi umamenyetsa zilakolako, nkhani, nthano komanso nthano za mtundu wake. Kukula, mwanayo amaphunzira zikhalidwe ndi zofunikira zomwe banja lake ndi banja lonse likuchita. Maphunziro a maphunziro amapereka. Kotero pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kuganiza kumapangidwa. Munthu kwenikweni "woposa" ndi zolakwika. Mitundu yowonongeka, yomwe imadziwika ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana:
- kusagwirizana;
- zongoganizira za kuganiza
- ziwonetsero za khalidwe;
- zikhalidwe zachikhalidwe;
- malingaliro;
- zizindikiro zolankhulana, ndi zina zotero.
Ntchito zowonongeka zingakhale zogawanika kukhala "zabwino" ndi "zoipa". Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa zochitikazo ndi kupulumutsa maganizo a anthu. Mwamuna, mu moyo wake waung'ono sangathe kudziwa chirichonse ponseponse, koma chifukwa cha zomwe zinachitikira ena akhoza kukhala ndi lingaliro pa zinthu zambiri, ngakhale kuti sizili zogwirizana ndi zenizeni zake. Cholakwikacho chimakhudza kuwona kuti zochitika zaumwini (ngakhale nthawi imodzi) zimatsimikizira kukhulupirika kwa izi kapena zozizwitsazo zikukhazikitsidwa mu chikumbumtima ndikulepheretsa anthu, zozizwitsa kuti zizindikire mosiyana.
Kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi
Munthu amachita maudindo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo maudindo a amuna. Udindo wa amuna ndi abambo umatsimikizira makhalidwe abwino omwe akulimbikitsidwa, omwe amachokera kwa azimuna kapena akazi ndi zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe cha dzikoli. Kodi chikhalidwe cha amuna ndi chiani? Udindo wa mwamuna kapena mkazi mu chikhalidwe umatsimikiziridwa ndi miyambo ndi njira zambiri za moyo zomwe zakhazikitsidwa kwa zaka zambiri. Mpaka pano, zochitika zongopeka sizinatheke, zomwe zikhoza kutchulidwa mu miyambi ndi mawu a anthu osiyanasiyana:
- mkaziyo ndi wosunga malo;
- munthu - getter;
- akazi ndi opusa;
- mkazi wopanda ana, ngati mtengo wopanda nthambi;
- mkazi wosakwatira - mbalame wingless;
- mwamuna wopanda mkazi wake, nkhokwe yopanda denga;
- mwamuna amalonjeza, mwamunayo akukwaniritsa;
- Mlimi si mwana wamphongo, koma amakonda kumenyana.
Kusiyana kwa mitundu
Kuyankhulana kotereku masiku ano kumathandiza kwambiri kuti pakhale mtendere ndi mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zaka mazana ambiri zadziko ndizosiyana ndi anthu (autostereotypes) ndi anthu ena (heterostereotypes). Kuphunzira zokhudzana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - kumathandiza kuphunzira zikhalidwe, zizoloŵezi, chikhalidwe cha kugwirizana pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana.
Kusagwirizana kwa anthu
Kodi anthu otchuka ndi anthu otani? Zowonongeka ndi zosavuta zojambula zithunzi za zinthu zachikhalidwe (anthu, gulu, ntchito, chikhalidwe, ma ethnos). Zizindikiro zoganiza pa nthawi yomweyo zikhoza kukhala zabodza komanso zidziwitso zolakwika. Monga lamulo, maziko a zochitikazo ndizoona zochitika zenizeni komanso zodzichitikira, koma nthawi zina zochitikazo zimagwira ntchito yoonongeka ngati ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zochitika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podziwika ndi munthu. Zitsanzo za anthu osagwirizana ndi anthu:
- popanda "zovuta" simungathe kupanga ntchito yabwino;
- mwanayo ayenera kukhala womvera;
- Kuti tipambane ndi kofunika kuti tiphunzire ku yunivesites yapamwamba;
- anthu onse amafunikira mmodzi kuchokera kwa akazi ...;
- onse owerengera ali okhumudwitsa, ndipo amilandu ali okhwima;
- ndalama ndizoipa;
- Magalimoto a ku Japan ndi apamwamba kwambiri;
- Ayuda ndiwochenjera kwambiri;
- mwamuna - womanizer, woledzera.
Zotsatira za chikhalidwe
Zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu zimakhudza malingaliro aumunthu, omwe amakhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha thupi ndipo amathandizidwa ndi chidziwitso. Maganizo ndi manja ndi chilankhulidwe cha anthu onse pakati pa miyambo ya amitundu, koma m'mayiko ena akhoza kupeza tanthauzo losiyana. Musanapite ku maiko ena, ndibwino kuti muphunzire miyambo ya mayiko ena. Kuyanjanitsa palokha Chikhalidwe: zozizwitsa za kukhazikitsa zolinga, kuyankhulana, kuzindikira, chithunzi cha dziko. Khalidwe lachikhalidwe ndilofunikira pakupanga miyambo (chipembedzo) cha miyambo yosiyanasiyana.
Zosangalatsa zofala
Kodi chiwonetserochi ndi chiyani - funsoli ndilo "anayankha" molondola, "osasunthika". Anthuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuganiza ndi malingaliro otchuka, chifukwa cha izi ziri mu kusowa kapena kusowa kwa chidziwitso komanso kulephera kutsimikizira mfundoyi. Kuwonetsera kwa maganizo (maganizo) - "Ine-ndimakonda chirichonse" kumatanthauza kukhala wa banja langa, gulu, anthu, boma liri ndi mbali yina: ilo limayendetsa malire a zoperewera, limasokoneza zochitika zaumwini pazochitika zaumunthu. Kulandiridwa pakati pa anthu otchuka kwambiri:
- chisamaliro - chachiwiri chimwemwe;
- chiwerengerochi ndi 90/60/90;
- Ndi zabwino kumeneko - kumene ife sitiri;
- kumenyana - ndiye kukonda;
- Chakudya cham'mawa chomwe mumadya nokha, chakudya chamasana chimachotsedwa ndi mnzanu, kupereka chakudya kwa adani;
- mkazi ali m'chombo_kuti akhale mu vuto;
- muyenera kukwatira musanakwane 30;
- Atsikana ayenera kuvala pinki, anyamata - buluu;
- amayi - kugonana kofooka;
- mtengo wapatali - umatanthawuza chikhalidwe;
Zotsutsana za a Russia
Zotsutsana zokhudzana ndi Russia zikhoza kutchulidwa m'nkhani zosiyanasiyana komanso zolemba zosiyana siyana zomwe zinapangidwa ndi a Russia okha ndi anthu ena. Stereotype Rusich amawoneka ngati "shati-anyamata, olimba kwambiri, okonda kumwa ndi kukopa" Chidwi ku Russia ndi chachikulu. Mphamvu iyi imakhala yosamvetsetseka komanso yodabwitsa, ndipo kwa ena, dziko loipa. Nanga bwanji dziko, amayi achi Russia ndi abambo amaganiza oimira ena akuti:
- Anthu a ku Russia ndi omwe amamwa mowa kwambiri;
- zimbalangondo zikuyenda m'misewu;
- Atsikana achi Russia ndi okongola kwambiri;
- amuna, kuyenda ndi nkhope ya miyala, osati kumwetulira;
- Russia ndi dziko la balalaika, matryoshka ndi kosovorotok;
- wokonda kuchereza alendo;
- odwala ndi osaphunzira;
- atsikana akulota kukwatira alendo ;
Zotsutsana za French
Dziko lonse lapansi limayang'ana ndi mantha ku madera a ku France, kugula mafuta onunkhira a ku France, kumakhudza mafilimu okonda kwambiri a dziko lapansi. "Kuti ndione Paris ndi kufa!" - mawu omwe Sofia, wojambula zithunzi wotchedwa Soviet, wojambula zithunzi wotchedwa I.Erenburg, akhala akunena kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Mafilimu a ku France, omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi dziko lokongola ili:
- Azimayi Achifalansa ndiwo opangidwa bwino kwambiri, okongola;
- Paris - amalamula mafashoni kwa wina aliyense;
- A French ndiwo okonda kwambiri padziko;
- croissants, vinyo, foie gras, achule, baguettes ndi oyster - chakudya cha dziko lonse;
- beret, vest, shawl wofiira - zovala zoyenera
- fuko losuta kwambiri mu dziko;
- kugunda ndi ziwonetsero "za" ndi "popanda chifukwa";
- zovuta kwambiri;
- ufulu wamakhalidwe ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere;
- Amakwiyitsa ngati alendo akunena molakwika mawu mu French;
- okonda dziko lawo ndikukonda dzikoli "la dus France" ("France wokondedwa").
Zotsutsana za Amereka
America ndi dziko la zosiyana ndi zopanda malire, kumene maloto okondedwa kwambiri akukwaniritsidwa - Achimereka amaganiza choncho za dziko lawo. United States ndi dziko lomwe silingamvetsetse bwino maganizo a Russian, kuchititsa ena kuti asakonde, ndipo chifukwa cha mikangano yomwe ikuchitika pakati pa Russia ndi America, kusowa chidaliro mu dziko losangalatsa kwambiri la America. Zikhulupiriro zabodza ndi zotsutsana za Amwenye:
- mtundu wa chakudya chofulumira ndi anthu olemera;
- chikondi kukonza zodabwitsa;
- akufuna kulanda dziko lonse;
- kusowa kalembedwe ndi kulawa zovala;
- fuko lokonda kwambiri dziko;
- American aliyense ali ndi chida;
- musazengereze kusonyeza kutengeka.
Zotsutsana za Chingerezi
Ndi mgwirizano wotani umene ukuwuka mwa anthu omwe sanapite ku England, koma amvapo za dziko lino? Anthu omwe amaphunzitsa Chingerezi kusukulu amakumbukira gulu lotchuka lotchuka la Big Ben (Big Ben) ndikuti England ndi dziko la mvula, misala ndi oatmeal kwa kadzutsa. Pa kuuma kwa nthano za Chingerezi. Otsutsa a ku England okhudza Sherlock Holmes amakonda kuwerenga padziko lonse lapansi. Zotsutsana za British:
- kumayankhula nthawi zonse za nyengo;
- pa nthawi, amamwa tiyi;
- A Chingerezi ndi apamwamba kwambiri;
- zozizwitsa;
- zosungira;
- chisangalalo chachilendo cha Chingerezi;
- aliyense amapita ku pub;
- nzika zomvera malamulo kwambiri.
Kodi mungachotse bwanji zolakwika?
Kodi ndi chithunzi chotani kwa anthu omwe akudzipangira okha ndi kudzikuza? Anthu oterewa amakhala ochuluka. Zochitika ndi tsankho zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuona kumbuyo kwa "zowonjezereka" zowoneka ndi anthu a konkire enieni, ndi kumvetsetsa izi kapena zochitika zina zaumunthu pazochitika zenizeni. Zochitika zakale sizigwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Kukana kuganiza molakwika kumakhudza ntchito pawekha:
- sintha malingaliro omwe mwachizolowezi akuwona;
- kukana ziweruzo mwamsanga;
- kutseguka kwa lingaliro la chodabwitsa chonse;
- kuwonetsedwa kwa ma templates kutsutsa: "kodi izi ziridi choncho?";
- kupanga mapangidwe atsopano, mwiniwake.