Posachedwa, sayansi yaleka kukhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu, masiku ano mayina a "biochemistry" ndi "biophysics" sadzadabwitsa munthu wina aliyense, koma zikuchitika kuti ndondomeko yakuchotsa mazikoyo inayamba kale. M'zaka 30 zapitazo, chidziwitso chatsopano cha sayansi - chiphunzitso cha pathopsychology - chinapangidwa pamagulu a psychology ndi matenda a maganizo. Zomwe ziri mu gawo la zofuna za sayansiyi, ifenso tiyenera kuphunzira.
Kodi sayansi ya pathopsychology inatani?
Monga sayansi, pathopsychology inayamba kukula m'zaka za m'ma 1930, panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ndi pambuyo pa nkhondo pamene anthu ambiri omwe anali ndi vuto la nkhondo anawonekera kuti ntchito zawo zowonongeka ziyenera kubwezeretsedwa. Koma kupititsa patsogolo kwa sayansi kumafikira m'ma 1970. Apa ndiye kuti maziko a Russian matenda opatsirana pogonana anaikidwa mu ntchito za akatswiri oyamba maganizo a dziko lathu. Pomaliza, mikangano yokhudza ntchito, nkhani ndi malo a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zinatsirizidwa ndi zaka za m'ma 1980. Lero pali njira yogawira sayansi mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, lerolino malangizo a chidziwitso cha chigwiridwe cha chiweruzo chakhalapo.
Mutu ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timaphunzira mavuto a maganizo ndi kunena mothandizidwa ndi njira zamaganizo. Pachifukwa ichi, kusintha kwakukulu komweku kumayesedwa chifukwa cha kufanana ndi maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe cha mapangidwe a malingaliro ndi kunena mwa anthu omwe zizindikiro zawo zamaganizo zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika. Kuchokera pa tanthawuzo, tinganene kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ofunikira, ndilo lingaliro la mapangidwe a psychopathologies, ndipo chinthucho chimaonedwa kuti ndi zolakwika ndi zovuta za m'maganizo zosiyana siyana, koma zofanana ndi zochepa, wathanzi) akunena.
Matenda a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Matendawa akuphatikizapo zizindikiro za kusokonezeka kwa umunthu kapena zochitika zomwe zimachitika ndi dongosolo lina. Mu psychopathology, syndromes otsatirawa amalingaliridwa:
- schizophrenic;
- oligophrenic;
- kukonda;
- chodabwitsa;
- umunthu-wamba;
- chokhazikika;
- psychogenic-neurotic;
- psychogenic-psychotic.
Mfundo za matenda opatsirana pogonana
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira maphunziro opatsirana pogonana. Zochitika zapakhomo pa maphunziro amenewa zimatithandiza kuti tipeze mfundo izi:
- Mayesero a maganizo. Ikuthandizani kuti mufufuze vuto la maganizo monga vuto la ntchito. Cholinga chake ndi kuwunika kwabwino kwa mtundu wa matenda a maganizo, kufotokozera njira za ntchito zoterozo ndi njira zowonzanso.
- Mfundo yowonetsera khalidwe. Amadziwika zomwe zimachitika pa njira yaumunthu kudzera mu kufufuza zolakwa zomwe zachitika mwa iye pakuchita ntchito zoyesera.
- Zizindikiro zofanana za matenda a maganizo angayambidwe ndi njira zosiyanasiyana ndi umboni wa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Choncho, chizindikiro chilichonse chiyenera kuyesedwa mogwirizana ndi phunziro lathunthu.
- Kafufuzidwe ikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi ntchito zotero zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ntchito zamaganizo zomwe munthu amagwira ntchito. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kuikapo mtima kumafunika kukhudzidwa ndi maganizo a munthuyo pa ntchito yake, zotsatira zake ndi iyemwini.
- Kuyesera kwapadera sikuyenera kokha kuzindikira momwe mawonekedwe amaganizo angasinthidwe, komanso kusunga iwo. Izi ndizofunikira kubwezeretsa ntchito zosokonezeka.
- Kuyesera kuyenera kulingalira za ubale wa munthu kuti awone. Kawirikawiri anthu omwe ali ndi maganizo olakwika amakana kugwira ntchito ndipo ndiye wofufuzirayo ayenera kuyang'ana ntchito kuti ayesere.
- Maphunziro a pathological ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti kusokonezeka kwa psyche si njira imodzi, ndipo njira zofunikira zimadziwika njira zonse.
Mavuto a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amakhudza akatswiri a zamaganizo pazinthu zamakono ndi zamapadera, popeza palibe aliyense wa iwo amene amalephera kuyankhulana ndi anthu osaganiza bwino.