Lero mungathe kukumana ndi malingaliro ambiri ochokera ku makampani osiyanasiyana kuti apange frescoes, kusintha pulasitiki, etc. Tiyeni tione kuti fresco ndi yotani.
Mawu oti "fresco" m'Chitaliyana amatanthauza "kujambula pa pulasitiki yonyowa". Imeneyi ndi njira yakale ya kujambula khoma, yomwe mapepala amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa pulasitiki yonyowa. Ndipo pulasitala kapena gesso, monga amatchulidwa ndi akatswiri, sali ngati kukongola kwa makoma. Kupanga fresco mchenga wosakaniza ndi hydrated laimu amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene zojambula zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya chilengedwe, imadzipukutira ndi madzi.
Njira ya fresco
Zojambula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku laimu wothira, zouma, zimakhala ndi filimu yowonongeka ya calcium, yomwe imateteza kansalu pa fresco . Koma ngati zojambulazo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito popukuta laimu, ndiye kuti filimu yolimba siigwira ntchito, ndipo utotowo ukhoza kutha.
Wojambula, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya fresco, ayenera kukhala mbuye weniweni wake, chifukwa simungathe kukonzanso kapena kukwaniritsa kujambula. Pokhapokha pokhapokha, kukonza chidutswa cha fresco youma, mpweya wa mandimu umatayika kwathunthu, chatsopano chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo ndondomekoyi imabwerezedwa. Choncho, kuti mupange fresco, dothi losungunuka laikala limagwiritsidwa ntchito kudera laling'ono: ndendende kuti zolemera zowonongeka sizikhala ndi nthawi yoti ziume, ndipo mbuyeyo anatha kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha tsiku limodzi.
Kodi fresco ndi yotani m'mbiri?
Njira yopangira fresco imapezeka m'zipilala zambiri zojambula. Izo zinkawonekera mu nthawi zakale. Anthu a nyumbayo ankakongoletsa makomawo ndi zojambulajambula ndi zojambulajambula. Masiku ano mawonekedwe a pompani a fresco zojambula, omwe anawuka nthawi zakale, amadziwika. Njira yopambana kwambiri ya fresco inali m'zaka zaposachedwapa, pamene kukongoletsa makoma ndi mafashoni kunakhala kofewa kwambiri, mkati mwa nyumbayo kunakhala kochuluka kwambiri komanso kokongola chifukwa cha izi. Ku chipinda chodziwika kwambiri m'nyumba ya mfumu ya Mantua, Louis Gonzaga, makomawo akukongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi za moyo wa eni nyumbayo. Alangizi aakulu a ku Italy a nthawi imeneyo - Raphael, Michelangelo, Masaccio ndi ena - anapanga fresco yapadera yomwe yapitirirabe mpaka lero.
Pa nthawi ya Ulemerero, zolemera ndi zokongola za nyumba zachifumu za olemekezeka zidakwaniritsidwa chifukwa cha fresco kujambula.
Zitsanzo zooneka bwino za zofiira zakale za ku Russia zili pamakoma a nyumba ya amonke ya Svetogorsk, yomwe ili pafupi ndi Pskov, ndi Monastery ya Ferapontov pafupi ndi mzinda wa Kirillov.
Lero inu mukhoza kuyamikira chitsanzo cha Byzantine fresco kujambula kukongoletsa makoma mu tchalitchi cha Santa Maria ku Rome.
Luso la kujambula kwa khoma lakhala lopanda ungwiro ndipo lafika masiku athu. Panali mitundu yatsopano ya zojambula, njira zosamutsira zithunzi ku khoma zinasintha. Masiku ano, n'kosatheka kupeza zipangizo zonse zachilengedwe zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kale. Mwachitsanzo, laimu yapadera ya fresco iyenera kuzimitsidwa kwa zaka zambiri. Tsopano fresco ndi chithunzi pamakoma mothandizidwa ndi mapulogalamu achigiriki kapena zojambula zamakono zamakono.
Zokongoletsera zamakono zamkati, ojambula ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito frescoes kupanga mapangidwe apachiyambi a nyumba , nyumba kapena malo ena. Mbuye waluso, pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ndi makompyuta amakono kuti azigwiritsire ntchito pamwamba pake, angapange luso lapadera, ntchito yolemba zojambula. Mtengo wa ntchito imeneyi, ndithudi, udzakhala wapamwamba.
Ngati simunakonzere ndalama zoterezi, ndipo kongoletsani chipinda chosavomerezekabe chifunikiranso, gwiritsani ntchito mapangidwe amakono amakono - digito kapena zolemba zosindikizidwa. Chithunzi choterocho chingakhale chachikulu, molingana ndi kukula kwa khoma. Ndipo nthawi zina fresco ili ndi zidutswa zazing'ono, zomwe zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana m'chipinda chimodzi.
Fresco, ngati imodzi mwa mitundu yokongoletsera khoma, imatha kupanga malo apadera mkati mwa chipinda chilichonse.
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