Neuropsychology - ndi chiyani, maziko ake, malangizo, mfundo

Katswiri wa sayansi ya ubongo ndi wachinyamata ndipo amapanga sayansi. Popanda kuphunzira njira zomwe zimachitika mu ubongo, zimakhala zovuta kuthandiza munthu kuti ayambe kukonzanso. Nthawi zambiri ana amabadwa ndi zolakwitsidwa zosiyanasiyana, ndipo matenda a ubongo amathandiza kuzindikira izi pamayambiriro oyambirira ndikukonzekera dongosolo lokonza.

Kodi matenda a neuropsychology ndi ati?

Nkhani yokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo ndi njira yochepa kwambiri, ikukula pamphambano ya ubongo, psychology ndi psychophysiology. Maphunziro a sayansi ya sayansi amaphunzira za mgwirizano pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka ubongo ndi maganizo, khalidwe. Kwenikweni, njira za ubongo zomwe zimayambitsa matenda chifukwa cha kuvulala kapena matenda mwa anthu ndi nyama zikufufuzidwa. Ntchito zazikulu za matenda a ubongo:

1. Kuzindikiritsa kachitidwe kachitidwe ka ubongo mu kugwirizana kwa zamoyo zamoyo ndi chilengedwe chakunja ndi chamkati.
2. Kufufuza za ntchito za ubongo ndi zomangamanga.
3. Kufufuza za kuwonongeka kwa mbali za ubongo.

Woyambitsa matenda a ubongo

Njira yoyamba yotsatirayi inayambidwa ndi L.S. Vygotsky, koma zopindulitsa kwambiri zomwe anapanga AR. Luria ndipo adapanga sayansi yatsopano - matenda a ubongo. Zochita ndi zochitika A.R. Luria:

• adayambitsa mndandanda wa zovuta zaphasi;
• anaphunzira ndikufotokozera mavuto osayankhulidwa kale omwe sakudziwika;
• anaphunzira ntchito ya lobes yapadera ya ubongo m'maganizo.

Njira za matenda opatsirana m'mimba, zomwe zimathandiza kuzindikira zolakwira (zopangidwa ndi AR Luria ndi otsatira ake):

1. Njira yothetsera (machitidwe a batri Luria) - kufufuza kwathunthu kwa ntchito zamaganizo
2. Psychometric (North America) - mayesero a batri Nebraska-Luria, scale Wexler.
3. Zolinga zaumwini (Britani) - kufufuza, kuyesa kuyesa kuti apitirize maphunziro apadera.

Makampani a Neuropsychology

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti sayansi imeneyi ndi yam'tsogolo. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za matenda a ubongo:

• chithandizo;
• kuyesera;
• Kusintha;
• zachilengedwe;
• ana;
• chithandizo;
• matenda okhudza ubongo.

Matenda a Neuropsychology

Maphunziro a ubongo wa ubongo wa ubwana - malonjezano ndi osowa, nthawi yowonongeka yomwe ikupezeka nthawi yomweyo idzakuthandizira kukonzekera bwino mwanayo. Matenda a matenda a ubongo amaphunzira kuti asymmetry yowonongeka, yomwe imayambitsa sukulu (kuchepa kwa ubongo, ADHD syndrome). Pambuyo pa zolakwirazo, kukonzekera maganizo ndi mankhwala kumayendetsedwa.

Kachipatala Chokhudza Maphunziro a Edzi

Maziko a matenda a ubongo ndi maphunziro a syndromes a neuropsychological. Kachipatala kake kakugwira ntchito ndi odwala omwe akuvulala ndi malo abwino omwe amachititsa ubongo, kuphwanya malingaliro apamwamba a ubongo, komanso kulephera kwa kuyankhulana kwapakatikati. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za matenda a ubongo:

1. Chizindikiro cha m'maganizo . Kuphwanya ntchito za psyche ndi kuwonongeka kwa ubongo wa m'deralo.
2. Matenda a Neuropsychological . Kuphatikiza kwa zizindikiro za matenda a ubongo chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka maganizo m'maganizo a m'deralo.

Kufufuza kwa Neuropsychology

Mfundo za matenda a ubongo zimachokera ku kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera komanso zoyesera, popanda izi sayansi ikhoza kutsutsa malingaliro awo. Katswiri wa sayansi ya m'maganizo amaphunzira khalidwe la anthu ndi zinyama zomwe zimakhala ndi zilonda zam'deralo. Chifukwa cha kuyesera kwa A.R. Luria anaphunzira bwino ndikusinkhasinkha zovuta kukumbukira (aphasia) ndi kulankhula. Kafukufuku wamakono wamaphunziro a m'maganizo okhudza ubongo wa m'maganizo amachititsa kuphwanya maganizo ndi zozindikira zamaganizo.

Neuropsychology Yothandiza

Malangizo a matenda a ubongo amayamba chifukwa cha njira yothandiza. Dokotala wodwala matenda opatsirana m'mimba ndi gawo limene magulu ena onse a matenda opatsirana m'mimba amachokera. Njira zazikulu za ntchito zinayikidwa ndi A.R. Luria ndipo adalandira dzina lakuti "Mabatire a njira za Lurian", zomwe zikuphatikizapo kufufuza:

• kudzipereka mwaufulu ndi mosasamala;
• malingaliro;
• chiwonetsero;
• kusunthika pamene akupereka malangizo;
• mawu;
• makalata;
• kukumbukira;
• machitidwe;
• njira zamaganizo.

Zaka Zakale za Neuropsychology

Kodi matenda a sayansi ya ubongo ndi yanji - yankho liri kale mu funso lomwelo. Nthawi yonse ya msinkhu imayenderana ndi kayendedwe kake ka chitukuko cha m'maganizo, ndipo kwa zaka zingapo, izi kapena zosokoneza zina za ubongo ndizofunikira. Maphunziro a kafukufuku wa zaka zapakati:

• syndromes a neuropsychological;
• Zizindikiro za kuphwanya maganizo apamwamba.

Neuropsychology - Zochita

M'dziko lachidziwitso, ubongo umadzilamulira wokha, ndi kuphwanya kugwirizana kwa maganizo, kutuluka kwa mavuto ndi psyche, mapulogalamu okhwima aumphawi amalephera, kotero kukonzanso kwakanthawi n'kofunika. Kuwongolera kachipatala kwa ana ndi akulu amagwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimathandiza ubongo, ubwino. Maphunziro a m'maganizo otchedwa Neuropsychology - masewera ndi machitidwe:

1. Zithunzi zojambula . Konzani mapepala, zizindikiro kapena mapensulo. Tengani mapensulo mmanja onse awiri ndi kuyamba panthawi imodzi ndikujambula ndi manja anu zonse zomwe mukufuna: makalata, zilembo zamakono, zinyama, zinthu. Zojambulazo zimagwirizanitsa maulendo onse awiri ndipo zimapanga mpumulo.
2. Kujambula zosiyana zosiyana . Zochitazo zimakhala zofanana ndi zomwe zapitazo, koma kupanga zosiyana mofanana, mwachitsanzo, dzanja lamanzere limakoka katatu, dzanja lamanzere limakoka mzere.
3. Kusinkhasinkha ndikumangirira pa kupuma . Kuthamanga kwafupipafupi komanso kutuluka kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikumangirira pamphuno. Amatsitsimutsa, amatenga ubongo pamlingo wa chigamulo cha alpha, malingaliro amathetsa pansi, mkhalidwe wamaganizo amayamba.
4. Kuyimira kusuntha kwa nyama zosiyanasiyana . "Chimbalangondo Chimachitika" - mwanayo ali pazitsulo zonse ndipo amakwezera dzanja lake lamanja ndi mwendo, maso ake akugwira dzanja lake, kenako kuyenda mofanana ndi mbali ya kumanzere ya thupi. "Tiger ikubwera" - malo oyamba pazitsulo zinayi, mosiyana: dzanja lamanja likupita kumanzere kumanzere, mbali ya kumanzere kupita kumanja ndikuyendayenda.
5. Chitani "Njovu" . Nkhutu imamangirizidwa molimba mpaka pamapewa, mbali yina imatulutsidwa ngati "thunthu" ndipo imayamba kutambasula asanu ndi atatu m'mlengalenga, maso nthawi yomweyo amatsatira. Kuthamanga katatu kapena kasanu kumbali iliyonse. Masewero olimbitsa thupi "dongosolo la thupi".

Maphunziro a m'maganizo a anthu - komwe angaphunzire?

Maphunziro a sayansi ya ubongo amayamba pamaziko a maphunziro a maganizo kapena zachipatala, monga gawo la kupeza ntchito, katswiri wa zamaganizo kapena zachipatala, katswiri wamaganizo, wamaganizo. Maphunziro apamwamba, kumene mungapeze ntchito ya katswiri wa sayansi:

1. Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis. Kuwonjezera "Kukonzekera kwa matenda a m'maganizo ndi njira yophunzitsira yopititsa patsogolo".
2. University of St. Petersburg State. Faculty of Clinic Psychology.
3. Sukulu Yoyesa Sayansi ya St. Petersburg. V.M. Bechterew. Pa maziko a "faculties" (Clinical (psychological) psychology "ndi" Neurology "kuphunzitsa zofunikira za matenda a ubongo, matenda a ubongo.
4. Nyuzipepala ya National Research Tomsk State. Psychology.
5. Moscow State Institute. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Kufufuza "Kutsekula kwa Neuropsychology ndi Neurorehabilitation."

Neuropsychology - mabuku

Mabuku otchuka pa sayansi ya ubongo amalembedwa m'zinenero zosavuta, ndipo adzakhala okhudzidwa kwa onse omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi zozizwitsa za ubongo ndi psyche ambiri. Munthu ndi chilengedwe chonse, momwe zizoloŵezi zimapangidwira, chifukwa chake khalidwe lachidziwitso limachitika pakutha kwa izi kapena matenda ena a ubongo - ambuye amene adzipereka okha kuti aphunzire psyche mu ntchito zawo amanena za izi ndi zina zambiri:

1. " Zofunika Kwambiri za Neuropsychology " Luria A.R. Maphunziro a ophunzira a psychology, psychiatry ndi neurology.
2. " Munthu amene anatenga mkazi wake ndi chipewa " O. Sachs. Wolembayo ndi wokondweretsa, koma mosamala ndi kulemekeza odwala ake amauza nkhani zawo zokhudzana ndi matenda aakulu a psyche (neuroses). Wodwala aliyense wa Oliver ndi wapadera mwa njira yake yomwe amayesera kupanga mgwirizano pakati pa ubongo ndi chidziwitso.
3. " Ubongo umati. Chimene chimatipanga ife umunthu " Ramachandran Zinsinsi zosazindikirika za ubongo, mu ntchito ya wowerenga, mayankho akuyembekezeredwa mafunso awa: bwanji mwana wa autistic alemba zithunzi zomwe zikuposa Leonardo Da Vinci ndi Michelangelo, kapena kumene kumveka chifundo ndi kukongola mu ubongo.
4. " Pa mawonekedwe ofanana. Neurobiology ya mgwirizano wogwirizana "E. Banks, L. Hirschman. Bukhuli limafotokoza za njira zinayi zamakono, zomwe zimapangidwira zomwe munthu amayenda bwino ndi anthu ena ndi mawonekedwe ake mwachete, kukhazikika, mphamvu, kuvomereza ndi kuyimilira.
5. " Ubongo ndi chimwemwe. Zinsinsi Zamakono Zamakono a Neuropsychology »R. Hanson, R. Mendius. Bukhu-kusonkhana, kuphatikiza psychology ndi neurology, kumakhala ndi njira kudzipangira yekha.

Neuropsychology - chidwi chenicheni

Sayansi yowopsya komanso yambiri ya sayansi ya ubongo, pamene mukuphunzira maganizo ndi ntchito za ubongo zamoyo, nthawi zonse zimapanga zochititsa chidwi, apa pali zina zofunikira kwambiri:

1. Ubongo umaphunzira okha.
2. Pakati pa mimba, chiwerengero cha mapulaneti a neuron amachulukitsa nthawi 250,000.
3. Munthu amagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yambiri ya ubongo pothetsa mavuto monga momwe akufunira panthawiyi, choncho nthano zogwiritsa ntchito ubongo 10% sizimatsimikiziridwa ndi sayansi.
4. Kukumbukira kwa anthu sikumagwirizana ndi kulingalira ndi malingaliro ofanana, ndipo kukumbukira bwino za chidziwitso chirichonse chomwe chiri chofunika kupanga mapangidwe, kumanga maubwenzi othandizira - kotero kukumbukira kumaphunzitsidwa.
5. Pamene akusuta ndudu, ubongo umazindikira kuti nicotine ndi chinthu chowongolera kuganiza ndi kuchepetsa kupanga kwa thupi komwe kumayendetsa kuganiza, koma pamene chiwerengero chikuwonjezeka, ubongo umayamba kutulutsa zinthu zambiri, kunja kumadziwika poyambira kusuta mpaka pa mapaketi awiri pa tsiku (kumawonjezera mlingo wa chikonga) - chizoloŵezi chimayamba.