Hedonism ndi chiphunzitso chakuti munthu amachita ntchito zake zonse kuti akondweretse yekha, choncho, zingatheke kukhala tanthauzo la moyo. Njira yotereyi ikuwoneka ngati yonyansa kwa ena, koma palibe choonadi chenichenicho, moteronso ziganizo ziyenera kupangidwa mwaulere.
Hedonism - ndi chiyani?
Pomasulira kuchokera ku Greek hedonism yakale ndi zosangalatsa kapena zosangalatsa. Chiphunzitso chokhala ndi dzina limeneli, chimayankhula za chikhalidwe cha kufunafuna chisangalalo chabwino, choncho munthuyo mosamala kapena osasuntha njira iyi. Ndipo popeza ichi ndi chikhalidwe cha umunthu, ndizomveka kuti ndikuwongolera zochita zanu kuti mupeze chisangalalo. Chiphunzitso chonse chimathera pa mawu awa, chifukwa palibe amene watsiriza dongosolo lino, choncho khalidwe la otsatira ake lingakhale losiyana kwambiri.
Hedonism mu Psychology
Chiphunzitsocho chidabadwira ngakhale nthawi yathu isanakwane, koma kuganizira za chikhalidwe cha sayansi ya anthu kunayamba kuganiziridwa m'zaka za zana la 20. Pali malingaliro awiri a khalidwe:
- Mtsogolo - zochita zimagwirizana ndi kuyembekezera zosangalatsa;
- Izi - zikutanthauza kuti mwamsanga mupeze zosangalatsa.
Kuperewera kwa chikhalidwe cha maganizo kumakhala kusintha kwa gawo lapadera kukumverera, kusiya gawo lakuganiza kumbuyo. Ndipotu, maganizo amangokhala ma beacons pokhazikitsa dongosolo lanu lofunika. Komabe hedonism imakulolani kuti muyesetse kutsindika kwa munthu payekha pofuna kupeza zosangalatsa za thupi ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali, nthawi zambiri zopanda tanthauzo. Maphunziro oterowo ndi ofunikira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akufuna kukhala osangalala.
Hedonism mu filosofi
Aristippus (435-355 BC) adakhala woyambitsa chiphunzitsocho, akukhulupirira kuti moyo waumunthu umakumana nawo awiri - chisangalalo ndi ululu. Njira yopezera chimwemwe ndikupeŵa kumverera kosasangalatsa ndikuyesera zinthu zokondweretsa. Kulimbikitsidwa kunali pazinthu zakuthupi. Epicurus adanena kuti chiphunzitso cha filosofi ndi chikhumbo chokhutiritsa zokhumba zathu. Cholinga chake ndi chosangalatsa, koma kumasuka ku chisangalalo. Malingaliro ake, choyipa kwambiri cha zosangalatsa zotero ndi ataraxia, mtendere wa malingaliro ndi kuchepetsa pogwiritsa ntchito phindu lililonse.
Kukhulupirira hedonism kunafalikira m'kati mwa zaka za zana la 18. Akuluakulu, makamaka ku France, nthawi zambiri ankamvetsa kuti ndiko kupeza zinthu zokondweretsa. Jeremiah Bentham, yemwe anamasulira hedonism kumalo atsopano, adathandizira kubwezeretsa lingaliro la filosofi, kutenga maziko ake pachigwirizano chake cha umulungu. Zimapereka khalidwe la anthu omwe mamembala ake onse angapindule kwambiri.
Malamulo a moyo wa hedonism
Chiphunzitsocho sichinawumbidwe kwathunthu, kotero palibe njira yowonekera yamakhalidwe abwino, ndipo palibe amene anapanga ulamuliro wa hedonism. Pali chimodzi chokha chokhazikitsa: cholinga chachikulu cha munthu ndicho kukhala wokondwa. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi m'pofunika kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zinthu zosasangalatsa ndi kuganizira zinthu zomwe zimabweretsa chimwemwe. Izi ndizo, kuti amvetsetse zomwe hedonism imatanthauza, ndikofunikira pamaziko a zofuna zawo.
Hedonism - ndi zabwino kapena zoipa?
Palibe yankho lachidziwikire, zonse zimatengera kumasulira kwaumwini kwa lingaliro. Kwa wina, hedonism ndi kufunafuna zinthu zatsopano, zowonjezereka kwambiri, ndipo ena amadziona kuti ndi otsatira a ziphunzitso chifukwa cha chikondi cha zovala zabwino ndi kusambitsidwa kwasamba ndi thovu zonunkhira. Zili zoonekeratu kuti chilakolako chofuna kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi cha tsiku ndi tsiku chimakhala chosangalatsa kwambiri, sichiwopsyeza chilichonse. Ngati mutapanga zosangalatsa pamapeto, mukhoza kuthetsa mavuto okhaokha. Taganizirani momwe kuwonetsera kwauchidakwa n'koopsa kwambiri.
- Kupusa . Pang'ono ndi pang'ono zosangalatsa zomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa zimakhala zosasangalatsa, njira zatsopano zimayenera, koma zikadutsa, palibe chotsalira chomwe chingabweretse chimwemwe.
- Kutaya nthawi . Kufunafuna zosangalatsa, ndi kosavuta kuti muphonye nthawi yomwe mutenga masitepe omwe angasankhe moyo wamtsogolo.
- Matenda a umoyo . Zambiri mwa zomwe zimabweretsa chimwemwe kwa ndegeyo zimakhudza thanzi.
Hedonism ndi kudzikonda
Gawo lafilosofi ya chiphunzitso ichi nthawi zambiri limafanana ndi kudzikonda, koma izi siziri zoona. Mfundo za hedonism sizikudzipangira nokha, siziletsedwa kusamalira ndi kusangalala ndi ena. Pali mitundu iwiri: kudzikonda komanso chilengedwe chonse. Yoyamba imadziwika ndi maganizo anu, ngakhale kuti ena sali nawo. Kwa otsogolera a mawonekedwe achiwiri ndikofunika kuti zosangalatsa zikhale kwa iwo omwe ali pafupi nawo.
Hedonism ndi Chikhristu
Kuchokera pambali yachipembedzo, chirichonse chimene sichikulingalira kutumikira Mulungu ndichabechabe chimene sichiri choyenera kusamalidwa. Choncho, chikhulupiliro ndi tchimo kwa Akhristu. Sikuti amangosokoneza cholinga chomwecho, koma amakhalanso ndi chilakolako chofuna kupeza zinthu zapadziko lapansi. Ngati tilankhula za zochitikazo, popanda kufufuza milandu yeniyeni, chilakolako chofuna chitonthozo sichitha kuonedwa kuti ndi chigawenga. Chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe chonse cha hedonism, nayenso, sikuti nthawi zonse chimayambitsa kukhala wochimwa, thandizo la anthu ena ku Chikhristu amalandiridwa.
Simunganene kuti munthu aliyense wamachimo ndi wochimwa. Nkhani iliyonse iyenera kuganiziridwa mosiyana. Ngati simungathe kudzifufuza nokha, simukufuna kuphwanya zikhulupiriro zanu zachipembedzo, ndipo mutonthozedwa simungakane, ndiye mukhoza kufunsa ndi wansembe. Amadziwa malemba opatulika bwino, ndipo ali ndi zothetsera kuthetsa mikangano imeneyi. Zoona, iyenso, zingakhale zolakwitsa, kotero chigamulo chomaliza chimakhalabe kwa munthuyo mwiniwake.
Ambiri otchuka
Masiku ano, pafupifupi aliyense wotchuka angathe kuyika mayeso a "hedonist". Ngakhale ena a iwo atapereka chikondi, izo zinachitika pomwe atangomva ludzu lawo la zokondweretsa. Izi sizikukhudzana ndi zaka zathu zokha, odziwa za moyo wabwino amakhalapo nthawi zonse. Pambuyo pa Epicurus, yemwe adapeza njira yake ya hedonism, chiphunzitsocho chinalandira moyo watsopano mu nthawi ya chibadwidwe. Ndiye otsatira ake anali Petrarch, Boccaccio ndi Raimondi.
Kenako Adrian Helvetius ndi Spinoza adalumikizana ndi chiphunzitsochi, akugwirizana ndi zosangalatsa za anthu ndi chidwi cha anthu onse. Thomas Hobbes anatsutsananso za zofooka, kutsimikizira mfundo yakuti "musamachitire ena zomwe simukufuna kuti muchite." Mfundo imeneyi siinatsatidwe ndi aliyense, chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kukana chipembedzo, chikhalidwe ndi malamulo chinali ntchito ya Marquis de Sade.
Mabuku okhudza hedonism
Chodabwitsachi chinali chosangalatsa kwa ambiri, chinaphunzitsidwa bwino ndi akatswiri afilosofi ndi akatswiri a maganizo, zomwe zimafotokozedwanso zingapezedwe mwachinyengo. Nawa mabuku ena pa hedonism.
- "Makhalidwe Abwino" George Moore . Afilosofi wa Chingerezi amasonyeza momwe chiwonetserocho chikuyendera ndipo amatsutsa zolakwika - chisakanizo cha lingaliro labwino ndi njira zowonjezera.
- "Ubongo ndi Chisangalalo" ndi David Linden . Bukhuli likutiuza za zomwe zachitika posachedwapa m'munda wa sayansi ya ubongo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuyang'ana kwatsopano pa kupeza zosangalatsa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kudalira pa izo.
- "Chithunzi cha Dorian Gray" Oscar Wilde . Ntchito yodziŵika bwino, yomwe yakhala ndi maulendo oposera imodzi, imasonyeza zovuta kwambiri ndi zotsatira za hedonism.
- "Dziko Latsopano Lolimba Mtima" ndi Aldous Huxley . Moyo wonse wa anthu umakhazikitsidwa pa mfundo zosangalatsa. Zotsatira za kuyesa kotereku zimafotokozedwa muntchito.
- "Chinsinsi Chobisika" Bernard Verber . Amphamvu a buku lopangalikali amayesa kuyang'ana malingaliro a anthu ndikupeza chifukwa chochitira ntchito iliyonse.