Gulu lachikazi linayambika muzaka za zana la 18, ndipo linali lolimbikira kokha kuchokera pakati pa zaka zapitazo. Chifukwa chake chinali chosakhutira ndi amayi omwe ali ndi udindo wawo, ukulu wa ukapolo m'mbali zonse za moyo. Otsutsa akazi - werengani m'nkhani ino.
Kodi "akazi" amatanthauzanji ndipo akulimbana ndi chiyani?
Iwo ali odzipereka kuti akwaniritse ufulu wofanana wa zachuma, zandale, zaumwini ndi zachikhalidwe kwa amayi. Ngati tikunena kuti azimayi oterewa ali ndi mawu osavuta, ndiye awa ndi amayi omwe amafuna kuti azikhala olingana ndi amuna m'mbali zonse za moyo. Ndipo ngakhale kuti zofuna zawo makamaka zimakhudza ufulu wa amayi, zimalimbikitsanso kumasulidwa kwa anthu, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti ukapolo umakhala wovulaza kwa kugonana kolimba. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zofuna zofanana zinayambika pa Nkhondo Yodziimira ku United States, ndipo woyamba adayankhula poyera ndi Abigail Smith Adams. Pambuyo pake, mabungwe okonzanso azimayi, mabungwe andale, ndi mabuku osindikizidwa anayamba kuonekera.
Komabe, njira ya gulu lachikazi inali thotho komanso yayitali. Azimayi kwa nthawi yaitali anakana kuvota, akuletsa kupezeka pamisonkhano yandale ndi malo ammudzi, ndipo mkati mwa makoma a nyumbayo adakhalabe omvera kwa mwamuna wake. Gulu la bungwe linayambira mu 1848 ndipo chiyambi chake chakhala chikukula katatu:
- Zotsatira za ntchito za akazi oyambirira ndi bungwe loyambirira lazimayi zakhala zowonjezera mmalo mwa amai. Makamaka nyumba yamalamulo ya England inavomereza kuti asankhe voti m'deralo. Pambuyo pake ufulu umenewu unaperekedwa kwa Achimereka. Amuna achikazi otchuka pa nthawiyi ndi Emmeline Pankhurst, Lucretia Mott.
- Ulendo wachiwiri unapitirira mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80. Ndipo ngati choyamba chikukhudza ufulu wosankhidwa wa amayi, omalizawo adalankhula pazithunzi zonse zofanana ndi zovomerezeka. Komanso, amayi adalimbikitsa kuthetsa tsankho. Ankhondo otchuka a nthawi imeneyo ndi Betty Friedan, Simone de Beauvoir.
- Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, chiwerengero chachitatu cha ukazi chinawuka ku United States. Ufulu wokhudzana ndi kugonana unabwera patsogolo. Akazi anafunsidwa kuti asiye kumvetsa za kugonana kwa akazi monga chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe komanso kuyamikira kugonana monga chida chomasula. Okazi otchuka pa nthawi imeneyo - Gloria Ansaldua, Audrey Ambuye.
Kusuntha kwachikazi
Kusunthika kumeneku kunakhudza kwambiri umunthu, chikhalidwe, masayansi, moyo wonse wa anthu onse. Amayi amasiku ano amawona kugonana osati monga chilengedwe, koma monga womanga ndale, womwe umalola kuti kugwirizanitsa mphamvu pakati pa magulu a anthu. Choncho, anthu ophatikizana amatsutsa kuti mitundu ina ya kuponderezana monga tsankho, kugonana, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe chachikulu ndi ena onse akuyendetsa dziko lonse lapansi, kupha anthu onse, kulimbikitsana ndi kuthandizana.
Otsutsa ufulu wa amayi amatsutsa filosofi yamakono, sayansi ndi zolemba, ngati izo zinalengedwa kuchokera pakuwonekera kwa amuna omwe ali ndi maudindo. Amayitanitsa kukambirana kwa mitundu yosiyana siyana ndi mtundu wa chidziwitso chopangidwa ndi anthu ochokera ku malo osiyanasiyana. Inde, kusunthika uku kunali ndi zotsatira zoipa. Masiku ano, akazi achikazi ambiri amawopsya, osati kumenyera ufulu wawo. Amadzimangirira poyera m'chiuno, kukonza ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi boma ndikuwoneka ngati asungwana osasamala kanthu, koma kungotsutsa. Poona kukhala ndi mwayi wotsegulira, amayi ena amakumana ndi mavuto ndipo amazindikira kuti muzochitika zatsopano zimakhala zovuta kuti akhale mkazi wabwino komanso amayi.