Kudziwa bwino za dziko - zofunikira komanso zofunikira

Kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi ndi akatswiri afilosofi adatsutsana, kodi n'zotheka kukwaniritsa choonadi chenichenicho, ndi umunthu wokhoza kuzindikira konse dziko limene likukhalamo? Kuti tipeze chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudza dziko lozungulira, ndizozoloŵera kugwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso (kuzindikira zamaganizo) kapena kulingalira bwino. Makope ambiri amathyoledwa ndi amuna ophunzirira, pofuna kuyesa kuti ndi yani yomwe ili yolondola, koma chigamulo chomaliza sichinayambe. Kodi kulingalira?

Kodi kuzindikira kumvetsetsa ndi chiyani?

Kulingalira kapena kuzindikira mwaluso ndi njira yopezera chidziwitso, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomwe zimapezeka ndi chithandizo cha kulingalira. Uwu ndi kusiyana kwake ndi kukhumudwa, komwe kumagogomezera kumverera. Dzina limachokera ku chilankhulidwe cha mawu Achilatini. Tsopano mfundo yovomerezeka, malinga ndi zomwe dziko lapansi likudziwika, ndi kulingalira ndi kukakamiza ndi mbali zofunika pakuchita izi.

Chidziwitso Chodziwikiratu Philosophy

Kudziwa zamaganizo mwafilosofi ndi njira yophunzirira chinthu chopanda tsankho, osagwirizana ndi maganizo a munthu wofufuzirayo, omwe amakhulupirira kuti anali Descartes, Spinoza, Kant, Hegel ndi akatswiri ena. Iwo ananena kuti malingaliro a maganizo angapereke chidziwitso choyamba chomwe sichisonyeza kwenikweni chenicheni chenicheni, choncho lingaliro liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu apamwamba.

Mitundu ya nzeru zomveka

Mkhalidwe womveka bwino wa kuzindikira akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu iwiri, mosiyana ndikuphunzira chinthucho.

1. Mtengo-wothandiza . Monga dzina limatanthawuzira, subspecies izi zokhudzana ndi kulingalira zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zinthu zooneka ngati zopanda nzeru monga chikhalidwe ndi matanthauzo omwe amapezeka mmenemo ndi anthu. Koma izi ndizowonongeka chabe. Kuti mumvetse tanthauzo la chirengedwe chinachake, kumvetsetsa uthenga wa Mlengi, kapena, kugwirizanitsa tanthawuzoli ndikupangitsa uthenga kumvetseke, nkofunikira, kuphatikizapo kuzindikira bwino.
2. Zolingalira komanso zoganiza . Chidziwitso cha mtundu umenewu chimagwira ntchito zosaoneka bwino, "zabwino" ndipo zimayesetseratu kufotokoza kugwirizana ndi zizoloŵezi zofanana. Njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sayansi, masamu, masoka ndi chikhalidwe cha sayansi.

Kulingalira mwachidziwitso kwa zizindikiro

Kudziwa bwino za dziko lapansi kumagwira ntchito ndi zida zotsatirazi:

• kudziwika kwa zizoloŵezi zodziwika za zinthu zodziwika;
• zosaoneka kuchokera kumakhalidwe awo;
• kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya chidziwitso yogwirizana ndi njira yoganizira;
• Kulankhulana ndi chinenero.

Maonekedwe a chidziwitso

Ngakhale asayansi akale ankasiyanitsa njira zoyambirira za chidziwitso: lingaliro, chiweruzo, chidziwitso. Mmodzi mwa iwo ndi wofunika komanso wofunika, koma kuchokera pakuwona kwa zovuta za maganizo, njira yabwino kwambiri yodziwitsidwa ndiyomweyo.

1. Lingaliro ndilo dzina la phunziro, lomwe liri ndi makhalidwe: kuvomereza - zonse zomwe zili ndi dzina limeneli, ndi zomwe zili - zizindikiro zonse zomwe zikufotokozera. Lingaliroli liyenera kukhala lolondola, losadziwika komanso losasintha makhalidwe.
2. Cholinga . Limagwirizanitsa malingaliro wina ndi mzake, limaimira lingaliro lathunthu lomwe lingakhale loona (Dzuwa ndi nyenyezi), zabodza (Dzuŵa limazungulira dziko lapansi) kapena kulowerera (ulendo wa galimoto). Cholinga chilichonse chiyenera kukhala ndi mfundo zitatu: phunziro la chiweruzo - zomwe zanenedwa zingasonyezedwe ndi kalata S; chiwonetsero - zomwe zanenedwa pamutuwu zimatchulidwa ndi P; gulu, ku Russian nthawi zambiri limasiyidwa kapena kutengedwa ndi dash.
3. Chidziwitso ndilopamwamba kwambiri komanso lovuta kwambiri lalingaliro, likuyimira zenizeni zokhudzana ndi kugwirizana kwa ziweruzo zingapo. Chinthu chovuta kwambiri ndi chakuti mapeto ayenera kupangidwa ndi mitundu yonse yomwe ingatheke komanso maubwenzi amilandu omwe atengedwa ndikuyenera kutsimikiziridwa. Chiweruzo pa maziko omwe mapeto ake apangidwa amatchedwa maphukusi.

Njira zodziwa zambiri

Mitundu itatu ya kumvetsetsa bwino kumagwira ntchito yapaderadera yophunzira zinthu zomwe zimangokhalako zokha.

1. Kulingalira - kupereka chinthu chomwe chilipo mu dziko lenileni chomwe chiri choyenera kwa chinthu chotero, makhalidwe.
2. Formalization ndi njira yopanga zithunzi zosaoneka mothandizidwa ndi kulingalira kwanzeru. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafotokozedwe omwe amafotokoza zochitika zina zenizeni.
3. Njira ya axiomatic ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mfundo zomwe sizikufuna umboni.
4. Njira yowonongeka ndiyo mawu otengedwa m'mawu osatsimikiziridwa.
5. Yesani . Chofunikira cha kuzindikira kumvetsetsa mwa njira ya maganizo ndikuti kuyesera pa chinthu chabwino kumapangidwa m'malingaliro.
6. Njira zakale ndi zomveka zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndipo zikuyimira phunziro la chinthucho kuchokera pa zochitika za mbiri yake, mwachitsanzo, Chimene iye anali pa nthawi inayake mu nthawi, ndi logic, ndiko kuti, malamulo a chitukuko chake.