Ndani angatsutsane ndi mfundo yakuti n'zosatheka kufotokozera mphamvu ya Freud pa chitukuko cha sayansi monga sayansi? Munthu uyu adafufuza zonse zomwe zingatheke, koma Freud adapereka zenizeni ku filosofi ya umunthu wa psychoanalysis, ndithudi, chiphunzitso ichi chinapangidwa ndi iye. Pambuyo pake, njirayi inakambidwa ndi A. Adler, K. Young, komanso Neo-Freudians E. Fromm, G. Sullivan, K. Horney ndi J. Lacan. Pakadali pano, njira za psychoanalysis zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'maganizo kuti athetse mavuto a kudzidalira ndi kukonza umunthu.
Lingaliro la psychoanalysis
Kwazaka zana za kukhalapo kwa psychoanalysis, pakhala pali sukulu yambiri ndi malangizo. Nthawi zambiri sukulu izi:
- chiphunzitso cha Freud;
- sukulu;
- malingaliro apamwamba a Lacan;
- chiphunzitso cha Kohut;
- njira;
- chowongolera;
Kuonjezera apo, maganizo a m'maganizo amagawidwa m'madera atatu akuluakulu:
- Lingaliro la psychoanalysis la umunthu ndilo loyambirira ndi limodzi mwa malingaliro ofunikira kwambiri a kukula kwa umunthu mu maganizo. Kawirikawiri amalingaliridwa mu chikhalidwe cha classical psychoanalysis molingana ndi Freud, koma akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zochokera zake zonse. Mwachitsanzo, m'maganizo a Jung kapena psychology ndi Adler.
- Psychoanalysis imawonetsedwanso ngati njira yofufuzira zolinga zobisika za ntchito za anthu, zomwe zimawonetseredwa mwa mayanjano aufulu omwe odwala amasonyeza. Ndi mbali iyi yomwe ndiyo maziko a nzeru za Freud's psychoanalysis.
- Ndipo ndithudi, masiku ano psychoanalysis ikuwoneka ngati njira yothetsera mavuto osiyanasiyana m'maganizo amene amadza chifukwa cha mikangano pakati pa zikhumbo ndi zenizeni.
Zolinga za njira zotetezera (kusinthira, kugonjera, kusagwirizana, zopanda pake), zovuta (Oedipus, Electra, inferiority, castration), magawo a chitukuko cha kugonana (m'kamwa, anal, phallic, latent, genital) zinayambitsidwa pofuna kugwiritsira ntchito maganizo. Freud nayenso anapanga chitsanzo cha maonekedwe a psyche. Zolemba zapamwamba zimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa chidziwitso ndi mautumiki osadziŵa, ndipo dongosolo lachikhalidwe limasonyeza kukhalapo kwa zigawo zitatu - chidziwitso (chopanda chidziwitso), chidziwitso, ndi superego (chikhalidwe mwa munthuyo).
Chikumbumtima mu psychoanalysis
Freud m'masewero awiri a psyche anapatsa gawo lalikulu ku chidziwitso (Id), chomwe ndi mphamvu ya munthu. Chigawo ichi chiri ndi zochitika zachibadwa zomwe zimalimbikitsa munthu kuyesetsa kukwaniritsa zosowa zakuthupi ndikupeza zosangalatsa. Freud ankakhulupirira kuti chidziwitso ndi gawo lachidwi la munthu. Ndi amene amachititsa anthu kupeza zomwe akufuna, kulimbikitsa kuti asamangoganizira ndi zoletsedwa. Ngati kulibe ma dipatimenti ena a psyche, ndiye kuti sipadzakhalanso miyambo ndi malamulo mmalo mwa anthu, iwo sangathe kuchita.
Mwamwayi, chidziwitso chiri chosiyana ndi zigawo zodziwika bwino za Ego ndi Superego, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamangidwe pa zochitika zoyenera (Ego) kapena kuika ntchitoyi mwachindunji, chifukwa sichigwirizana ndi malamulo (Superego). Freud ankakhulupirira kuti chidziwitso (Id) ndi digiri yapamwamba ya chidziwitso (Superego) ndi zosiyana, choncho
Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito psychoanalysis, amatsutsa ambiri. Anthu ambiri amakwiyitsidwa ndi zomwe Freud ananena zokhudza matendawa, ena samavomereza chidziwitso, kulamulira umunthu, pamene ena amayamba kukonda chiphunzitso cha kugonana pakati pa anthu. Mwachidule, onse omwe amanena kuti matenda a Psudalysis amatha kufotokozedwa motere: amavomereza zochitika zaumunthu, ponena za chibadwa, kuchotsa kwa wina aliyense chilakolako chodzigwira yekha kuti asakhale ndi zikhumbo zoipa.