Puma Punku

• Adilesi: Tiwanaku, Bolivia
• Telefoni: + 591 6666 6666
• Tsiku lakumangidwe: zaka 530-560. AD

Puma Punku ndi chizindikiro chochititsa chidwi cha Bolivia . Malo osokoneza bongo omwe ali pamtunda wa mamita oposa 4,000, pafupi ndi nyanja ya Titicaca ndi zina zofanana, Tiwanaku . Dzina lakuti "Puma Punku" limamasuliridwa kuti "Puma's Gate".

Zaka zakumanga: zifukwa ndi mikangano

Malingana ndi zotsatira za kufufuza kwa radiocarbon, asayansi amatha kumanga zaka 530-560 za nthawi yathu ino, koma osati onse a archaeologists amavomerezana ndi izi, makamaka kuganizira kufanana kwa chipangizo cha Tiwanaku, chomwe chinayamba zaka za m'ma 1500 BC. e.

Zimapangitsa kukayikira pa "zaka zalamulo" za nyumbayo komanso kuti zolemba zakale zomwe zimatchulidwa kuti zovutazo sizinasungidwe. Izi zimapangitsanso kutsutsana kwakukulu pa zomwe Puma Punk anali ndizochita zomwe adachita mu chikhalidwe cha mafuko okhalamo.

Osati kutsimikiziridwa ndi wachinyamata wotere wa zovutazo ndi zomwe akatswiri a zamabwinja adapeza zomwe zapangidwa apa - Fuente Magna. Ichi ndi chotengera chachikulu chotchedwa keramik, chimene makoma ake amakongoletsedwera ndi zojambula zomwe zimakumbukira cuneiform yoyambirira ya ku Sumerian. Fuente Magna amatchulidwa zinthu zopanda pake - zinthu zomwe sizingatheke malinga ndi nthawi yovomerezeka ya chisinthiko. Lero Fuente Magna amasungidwa ku La Paz, ku Museum of Precious Metals, ndipo zolembedwera pa mbaleyo zafotokozedwa.

Kodi ndi zovuta zotani?

Puma Punku ndikumanga kwambiri dongo (pamphepete mwa mchenga, mchenga wa mtsinje umalowa mkati mwazitali zamtengo wapatali) ndipo umayendetsedwa bwino kwambiri. Kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera kuli mtunda wa mamita 168, kuyambira kum'maŵa mpaka kumadzulo - pa 117. Kumakona - kumpoto chakum'maŵa ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa - nyumba zowonjezerapo zimapangidwa. Chitsamba chikuzungulira bwalo la mawonekedwe a makoswe.

Poyamba, Puma Punk, malinga ndi kumangidwanso, inali gulu la zilembo monga kalata "T" pamtunda wozunguliridwa ndi clutch ya miyala yaing'ono, mpaka mazana a kilogalamu. "Mtolo" wa kalata "T" uli wokhuthala. Mpaka pano, zovutazo zafika poipa kwambiri - nyumbayi ikukhulupiriridwa kuti yawonongedwa ndi chibvomezi champhamvu kwambiri, ndipo miyala yamtengo wapatali idagwiritsidwa kale ntchito m'zaka za zana la 20 za kupanga miyala yophwanyika.

Koma - osati onse, kukula kwa ena sanalole kuti agwiritse ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, pa Litice Platform - malo okwera kum'mwera kwa zovutazo - pali dothi la monolithic 7m 81 cm long, 5m 17 cm lonse ndi 1 mita 07 cm wakuda. Kulemera kwake kwa mbale iyi ndi matani 131. Ili ndilo lalikulu kwambiri (koma osati lolemetsa kwambiri) lomwe lapezeka osati Puma Punku, komanso ku Tiaunako. Mabala ena ndi ofooka, koma kulemera kwake kumachokera pa matani 20 kapena kuposa. Zapangidwa ndi diorite, sandstone yofiira ndi andesite.

Malonda a Puma-Punku

Njira yoperekera miyala ndi imodzi mwa zinsinsi zomwe zimapangitsa mzinda wa Puma-Punk kwa ofufuza ake. Ndalamayi, yomwe asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mchenga wa mchenga umachokera, ndi wamtunda kuposa makilomita 17, ndipo dera la pakati pa zovutazo ndilo lidutsa, ndipo palibe msewu wokhawokha, . Ndipo malo a andesite alipo makamaka, pafupifupi 90 km kuchokera ku Puma Punku.

Komabe, chinsinsi ichi sichoncho chokha, pali zinthu zambiri zosamvetsetseka apa:

1. Zambiri zomwe zimakhalapo zimakhala ndi zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito zomwe zingatheke ku zipangizo zovuta zedi pokhapokha kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zamakono, ndipo njira zina zothandizira sizingatheke tsopano. Mwachitsanzo, apa pali ziboliboli zosiyana zosiyana, zina mwazo zimakhala zojambula (kapena zojambula), mizere yozungulira yozungulira ya diameter, zowonongeka za mitundu yosiyanasiyana zimakonzedwa. Sizingatheke kunena kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito koteroko kunali kotheka ndi njira zopanda malire zomwe mafuko a Chimwenye omwe akukhala m'dera lino amapezeka. Mwa njira, Amwenye okha amakana kugwira nawo ntchito yomanga Puma Punk. Nthano za m'deralo zimati Puma Punk inamangidwa ndi milungu, ndipo kenako anawononga kayendedwe kawo "pokweza, kutembenuka ndi kuponyera pansi."
2. Pa nthawi yomanga, zida zosinthika zosinthika zinagwiritsidwa ntchito - ngati sizinali mwala, makamaka zovuta kwambiri, zingatheke kunena kuti zolemba zoterezi zinapangidwa ndi kupondaponda. Mizere imakhala yolimba kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzache - nthawi zambiri padera sichikhala ndi lumo.
3. Kumalo ena, zida zapadera zopangidwa ndi zitsulo monga bronze (zosavomerezeka kwambiri ku Bolivia!), Arsenic ndi nickel (zomwe sizipezeka pano konse) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwirizanitsa timatabwa wina ndi mnzake.

Chinsinsi chachikulu: Kodi Puma-Punku adakhazikanji?

Amwenye omwe adatcha Puma Punku "malo opumula kwa milungu". Koma kodi nyumbayi inkawoneka bwanji?

Pali zilembo zingapo, zomwe zili ndi umboni wake komanso "malo ofooka":

1. Pafupifupi zaka 100 zapitazo, wolemba mbiri yakale wa ku Bolivia, Arthur Poznansky, analemba kuti Puma Punk inali doko - pamene Nyanja Titicaca, yomwe tsopano ili pamtunda wa makilomita 30 kuchokera ku zovutazo, inali yodzaza. Bukuli mpaka lero silikugwirizana ndi kutsutsa kulikonse - kuphunzira pansi pa nyanja, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti apeze mabwinja a nyumba zakale patsiku lake, akuwonetsa kuti sizinasinthe, koma m'malo mwake, zinakhala zozama.
2. Chipangizocho chinkafufuzidwa mothandizidwa ndi kuyembekezera zamatsenga, magnetometry ndi njira zina, zomwe zinasonyeza kuti mkati mwa kilomita imodzi pansi pake pali mabwinja a nyumba ndi madzi. Izi mwachindunji zimasonyeza kuti Puma Punk akadali mzinda wopasuka .
3. Asayansi ena, ngakhale zotsatira za maphunzirowa, amanena kuti Puma Punku ndi makina aakulu , mwachitsanzo, wotembenuza kapena jenereta ya minda yazunza. Maziko a mawu awa ndikuti zina mwa miyalayi ndizofanana ndi mfundo zina zovuta. Kulumikizana kwa "mwala" wina wochokera ku Puma Punk kumaonekera bwino mu chithunzi. Komabe, kuti mudziwe mwatsatanetsatane, ambiri a iwo amakongoletsedwa kwambiri ...

Pakadali pano, amene ali ndi Puma Punk amene anamanga bwino kwambiri, pamene zovutazo zinalengedwa ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito - sizilipo.

Kodi mungapeze bwanji Puma Punku?

Mutha kufika ku zovuta kuchokera ku La Paz kudzera pa nambala 1. Njira ikhoza kutenga kuchokera pa theka ndi theka kufika pa maola awiri (malingana ndi magalimoto othamanga), mumayenera kuyendetsa galimoto zosakwana 75 km.