London Underground ndiyo yoyamba padziko lapansi. Mzinda wa London wamakono wamakono ndi umodzi mwa zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo ndi wachinayi m'litali mwake pambuyo pa metro ku Seoul, Beijing ndi Shanghai.
Dzina la subway mumzinda wa London ndi chiyani?
Dzina la London Underground London Underground, koma pamalankhula wamba Chingerezi amachitcha kuti chubu.
Mbiri ya London Underground
Kodi sitima yapansi panthaka ku London inkawoneka liti?
M'zaka za zana la XIX, ku likulu la Great Britain, monga m'midzi ina yayikuru ya dziko lapansi, funso lolimbikitsana la kulemetsa misewu yapakati linayambira. Mu 1843, malinga ndi ntchito ya Mark Brunel, katswiri wina wa ku France, msewu unamangidwa pansi pa mtsinje wa Thames, womwe kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lapansi unasonyeza kutsogolo kwa kukula kwa metro. Makonzedwe oyambirira a sitima yapansi panthaka adamangidwa m'mphepete mwa ngalande, pamene mtsinje unakumba pafupifupi mamita 10, pansi pake anayikidwa pamsewu, pomwe pamalopo panagwiritsa ntchito njerwa.
Mzere woyamba wa metro unatsegulidwa pa January 10, 1863. Sitimayi ya sitima inalipo ma sitima 7, kutalika kwa misewu inali 6 km. Mphamvu za nyumbayi zinali zowonongeka kwambiri, zomwe zinkawotcha kwambiri, ndipo mawindo a sitimazo analibe chifukwa chake asayansiwo ankakhulupirira kuti palibe chinthu choyenera kuganizira pansi. Ngakhale kuti panali zovuta zina, London Underground kuyambira pachiyambi kunatchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu okhala mumzindawu.
Kukula kwa London Underground
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, sitima yapansi panthaka inapita kudutsa London, pafupi ndi malo atsopano anayamba kumanga mizinda yatsopano yamadzulo. Mu 1906, sitima zamagetsi zoyamba zinayambika, ndipo patapita chaka, pomanga malo atsopano, njira yowonjezera komanso yowonjezera inagwiritsidwa ntchito - "zikopa za pobowola", chifukwa sizinali zofunikira kukumba ngalande zamtundu.
Mapiri a London Underground
Mapu oyamba a mumzinda wa Moscow adalengedwa mu 1933. Ambiri okaona malo akuwona kuti dongosolo lamakono la London metro ndi losokoneza, koma kumvetsetsa zovuta za mizere pakusankha njira yoyenera pamodzi ndi mapu kumathandiza ma bodi ambiri odziwa zambiri.
Njira yapansi ya subway imakhala ndi mizere khumi ndi iwiri, ndipo ili ndi malo osiyana: 4 mwa iwo ndi mizere yozama (pafupifupi mamita asanu pansi), 7 otsala ndi mizere yakuya (pafupifupi mamita 20 kuchokera pamwamba). Pakalipano, kutalika kwa London Underground ndi 402 km, ndipo pafupi ndi theka liri pansi.
Okopa alendo, amene akulakalaka kudzachezera likulu la Great Britain, adzakhala ndi chidwi chodziwa malo angati oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi ku London? Kotero, tsopano pali malo opangira 270, 14 omwe ali kunja kwa London. M'madera 6 a m'midzi ya pamtunda wa mamita 32 mulibe.
Mtengo wa metro ku London
Mtengo mumzinda wa London umadalira chigawo ndi chiwerengero cha kusamutsidwa kuchokera ku dera lina kupita ku lina. Zonsezi m'zigawo zapansi zapansi pa London zikufotokozedwa. Kupita kutali pakati pa malo ndi zochepa zomwe zasinthidwa kuti zitheke kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana kupita ku zina, ndizofunika kwambiri zachuma. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, pamapeto a sabata amayenda pang'ono pokha pa masiku ogwira ntchito.
London Underground maola
Nthawi yogwirira ntchito mobisa ku London imadalira zones. Kumalo oyambirira, malo otseguka pa 04.45, gawo lachiwiri limatsegulidwa kuyambira 05.30 mpaka 01.00. Pali mbali zina za ntchito yoyamba ndi kutha kumadera ena. Mzindawu umatsegulidwa chaka chonse Chaka Chatsopano ndi masiku a zikondwerero za dziko.
Mu Januwale 2013, chaka chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chinali chizindikiro cha 150. Anthu a ku London amaona kuti kuyenda kwawo mwachinsinsi kuli kosavuta komanso kokongola kwambiri! Mzinda wa metropolitan metro umapitiriza kukula ndi kusinthika.
