Kukhulupirira mu zozizwitsa za maulosi ndi anthu omwe angathe kudziwa zonse za iwe (amatsenga, okhulupirira nyenyezi, palm palm) - ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri. Munthu nthawi zonse wakhala akukhudzidwa ndi tsogolo lake: kodi anabadwira chiyani, zikhalidwe ndi luso labwino lomwe lidzamuthandiza kuti adziwe yekha? Kuyang'ana kumbuyo kwa chophimba cha chinsinsi cha tsogolo ndi mantha.
Kodi mphamvu ya Barnum ndi yotani?
Masamba otsiriza a mapepala otchuka amadzaza ndi nyenyezi, zizindikiro za zodiac , maulosi, zolimba kwambiri m'miyoyo yathu, kuti magazini kapena nyuzipepala popanda iwo ikuwoneka "atsopano." Mayesero osiyanasiyana, chifukwa cha mayankho omwe munthu amauzidwa kuti amadziŵa kuti amadziwika bwino payekha. Zotsatira za Barnum ndizofuna kwa munthu, zokhudzana ndi chidwi chake ndi cholinga chake, kukhulupirira kuti zowona ndi zowona zimakhala zowona.
Zotsatira za Barnum mu Psychology
Ross Stagner, katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku America, anayamba chidwi ndi zochitika izi ndipo anaganiza zoyesa kuyesa. Anakonza kudzaza antchito 68 omwe ali ndi mafunso okhudza maganizo, omwe amachititsa kuti athe kusonkhanitsa chiwonetsero cha munthu . Stagner anatenga maulendo 13 kawirikawiri anakumana ndi mawu ochokera ku ma nyenyezi otchuka kwambiri ndipo anajambula zithunzi zawo. Chotsatiracho chinali chodabwitsa: gawo limodzi mwa atatu mwa ophunzirawo linatchulidwa kudalirika kofotokozera, 40% - ndi zoona ndipo pafupifupi palibe aliyense wa maofesi omwe adawatcha kuti "osakhala zoona".
Chiphunzitso cha Barnum-Forer - zotsatira za kutsimikiziridwa kwaumwini - ndizochitika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi maganizo omwe amatchulidwa pambuyo pa wotanthauzira wotchuka, wojambula masewera ena F. Barnum, yemwe ankakonda kumva anthu a ku America amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Anayankha zomwe Barnum anachita - Paulo E.Mil, yemwe ndi Mlengi wa maonekedwe a multifactorial (MMPI). F. Barnum amakhulupirira kuti pali zosavuta zambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo aliyense akhoza kuperekedwa chinachake. B. Zolingalira zinayambitsa zodabwitsa izi experimentally.
Mayesero amtsogolo
Bertram Kuneneratu mu 1948 analangiza gulu la anthu kuti liyesere mayesero, ndiyeno experimenter adawamasula pamene akukonza zotsatira, koma panalibe kusintha. Kwa anthu atsopano kumene, Kuwonetsera kunapereka zotsatira zomwezo za kufotokoza kwa munthu, wotengedwa mu magazini ya nyenyezi. Zotsatira za kutsogolo pa nkhaniyi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zabwino mufotokozedwe. Zotsatira za mfundo zisanu zinkayendetsedwa mofanana ndi kufotokozera zotsatira za mayesero. Mapiri ambiri pakati pa nkhaniyi anali 4.26.
Mawuwo ali ndi mawu omwe pafupifupi anthu onse amayankha:
- "Mukufunikira kusowa ulemu."
- "Nthaŵi zina mumalandira, nthaŵi zina mumasungidwa."
- "Taonani ngati munthu wodalirika komanso wodalirika."
- "Inu muli ndi mwayi waukulu."
- "Nthaŵi zina mumakhala ndi kukayikira."
Zotsatira za Barnum - zitsanzo
Anthu amafuna kudziwa tsogolo lawo ndipo izi amapita kwa amatsenga, olankhula zamatsenga. Kwa ena, ndi zosangalatsa zokhazokha, ena amakhalanso oopa kuponda sitepe popanda kuwerenga horoscope. Kwenikweni, awa ndi anthu osokoneza, omwe tsogolo lawo ndi losavuta. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zofunikira zokhudzana ndi choonadi cha zofotokozedwa ndi "kutchuka" kapena "kutchuka" kwa katswiri (nyenyezi, katswiri wamaganizo). Zotsatira za Barnum mu psychology ndi chitsanzo chakuti chimagwira ntchito pazineneratu zokhazokha ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri monga:
- mitundu yonse ya kuwombeza;
- thupi;
- chikhalidwe;
- nyenyezi;
- Kusanthula ndi gulu la magazi, maso a maso;
- chiwerengero;
- psychology (zovuta zambiri).
Zolemba za Barnum - nyenyezi zam'madzi
Zotsatira za nyenyezi za Barnum zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kufotokoza zizindikiro za zodiac. Masiku ano - zimaonedwa ngati chizoloŵezi cha tsiku ndi tsiku kuti udzipange nokha ndi okondedwa anu ndi katswiri wa zakuthambo. Mtengo wa horoscope - mtengo wapatali wa utumiki / umunthu wa katswiri / ndondomeko yeniyeni (mapulaneti m'nyumba yachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndi zina zotero) - amachulukitsa chikhulupiliro cha anthu mu nyenyezi yosadziwika bwino, yomwe imapanga zochitika zomwe zimakhalapo ndipo zimakwaniritsidwa.
Zotsatira za Barnum ndi Chida cha Zomangamanga
Zotsatira za Barnum kapena zotsatira za kutsimikiziridwa kwaumwini zimadziwonetsera mokwanira, ndi kukhalapo ndi kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu zambiri. Akatswiri a zamaganizo (R. Hyman, P. Mil, R. Stagner, R. Treveten, R. Petty ndi T. Brock) omwe adaphunzira chodabwitsa ichi, adapeza mfundo zofunika kwambiri zothandizira izi:
- mawu ambiri, mawu osamveka;
- ulamuliro wa munthu amene akulosera;
- kukhutitsidwa kwa munthu kuti kuneneratu ndi "wapadera, kupangidwa kwa iye yekha";
- zofananitsa zofanana (zizindikiro zina, zida zenizeni);
- makhalidwe abwino.