Sayansi yamakono ili ndi zida zambiri zophunzirira ndi kugawa dziko lozungulira. Pali njira zomwe zili zosiyana pa nkhani iliyonse komanso zofotokozera, kufotokoza lingaliro lililonse. Kusiyanitsa ndi njira imodzi yapadziko lonse.
Kodi dichotomy ndi chiyani?
Kusiyanitsa ndilo gawo la magawo awiri, omwe ali ndi mfundo yakuti aliyense wa awiriwa alibe zofanana ndi zina. Mawuwa amachokera ku mawu awiri achi Greek "awiri" ndi "kugawa" ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino mmadera osiyanasiyana a chidziwitso. Mu masamu, linguistics ndi sciences ofanana amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugawa magulu akuluakulu kukhala ang'onoang'ono.
Mfundoyi imagwira ntchito motere:
- Lingaliro lodziwika bwino la "mwana wa sukulu" likutengedwa.
- Gulu limasankhidwa, logwirizana ndi chizindikiro cha "kulemekeza ophunzira".
- Palibenso gulu limene mbaliyi sichiwonetsedwa - "osati yabwino".
- Ophunzira abwino akhoza kugawa pa mfundo "yopatulira nthawi zonse ku maphunziro" ndipo "sagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse maphunziro."
- "Osati apamwamba" adzagawanika poyamba kuti "zabwino" ndi "zabwino".
Ndipo zina zotero mpaka zoyenera zotsatira zimapezeka. Njirayi ndi yabwino kwambiri popanga zochitika zosiyanasiyana, koma izi ndizovuta kwambiri. Gulu lachiwiri limakhala lopweteka kwambiri. Kotero "osati bwino", iyi ndi troika ndi dvoechniki ndi horoshisty. Kuti ufike ku mgwirizano wotsiriza, uyenera kudutsa muzochita zambiri.
Dichotomy mu Psychology
Pazotsatizana zonse za psychology, ntchito yogwira ntchito komanso yopindulitsa kwambiri inapezedwa mwachindunji mu dichotomy in socionics. Ichi ndi chizoloŵezi chaching'ono chomwe chinayambira pa maziko a chikhalidwe cha Jung. Wasayansi anafotokoza makhalidwe anayi ofunikira:
- kuganiza;
- kumverera;
- chisokonezo;
- chidziwitso.
Iye anafotokozera aliyense wa iwo mtengo wa introvert, wotsogozedwa mkati mwake, ntchito. Kapena extrovert, kutsogolo kunja. M'dongosolo lino, kugwiritsa ntchito dichotomy kumasiyana ndi kalasi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo yakuti intuition silingaganize, imangotanthawuza izi, popanda kupereka chiwerengero chokha. Nthaŵi zambiri, pamene kugawidwa ndi mfundo ya "chinthu" ndi "osati chinthu" kupangidwa, kuyesedwa kulipo, ngakhale mosadzidzimutsa.
Kutchulidwa mufilosofi
Monga momwe anthu amachitira m'magulu a anthu, filosofi yafilosofi ndiyo njira yogawira lingaliro lalikulu muzinthu zotsutsana. Koma ngati m'maganizo a sayansi akugwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera ndipo mawonekedwe onsewa ndi ofanana, ndiye mufilosofi mwagawanika m'magawo awiri a awiriwa omwe amatsutsana nawo, omwe ndi ofunikira kusankha chosiyana kwambiri. M'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, njira iyi ya kulingalira kwa filosofi yatsutsidwa mwamphamvu. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti kuganiza molakwika ndi kutsutsana ndi malingaliro akuti "phunziro" ndi "chinthu" kumapangitsa kuti anthu aziganiza mozama.
Kodi ndi chithunzi chotani chabwino ndi choipa?
Chimodzi mwa mawiri awiri omwe amadziwika bwino omwe amawonetseratu bwino ndi "zabwino" ndi "zoipa." Mafunso ofunika omwe akubwera pokambirana pawiri:
- Ndi zabwino / zoipa.
- Kugwirizana kwa zabwino ndi zoipa.
- Kodi pangakhale wina wopanda wina.
Pogwiritsa ntchito magawano osamvetsetseka ndikuwonetsa zabwino monga "osati choyipa" kapena mosiyana, oganiza motero adanena kuti wina popanda wina sangathe. Izi zidakhala zifukwa zotsutsana ndi khalidwe labwino, ndiko kuti, malo omwe malingana ndi momwe, ngati kukwaniritsidwa kwa choipa ndi chosapeŵeka, lolani kuti lipindule ndi gulu lina. Mfundo imeneyi inatsatiridwa, kuwonetsa mwazi wamagazi ndi kusokoneza nkhondo zachiwawa.
Ku Asia, kuchokera ku njira yothetsera zabwino ndi zoipa, afilosofi awiri adachoka pomwepo. Prince Siddartha Gautama (kenako Buddha) ndi Chinese Lao Tzu. Mu Buddhism, lingaliro la kusankha kwa dziko labwino ndi loipa ndi lolowerera ndale ku zonse zomwe zimachitika ndilofunika kwambiri. Kulingalira kwathunthu kwa malingaliro ameneŵa kumabweretsa kuunikira ndi kuchoka ku gudumu la samsara .
Lao Tzu adalenga njira yowonjezereka. Anakhulupilira kuti chilakolako chofuna kupanga zinthu zabwino zambiri zomwe zingatheke kumabweretsa kuwonjezereka kwa choyipa, popeza popanda mdani wake sadzawonekera. Woganizayo adalimbikitsa kuti asafulumire kuchita zinthu mopitirira malire ndikutsogoleredwa muzochita zokha. Maganizo ophweka posiyanitsa chabwino ndi choipa amadziwika bwino ndi chizindikiro cha Yin-yang (chowoneka chodziwika bwino cha moyo pomwe zinthu zimaloŵetsana).
Kusintha kwa moyo ndi imfa
Otsutsa awiri, omwe anthu akhala akuwadziwa kale, ndi moyo ndi imfa. Apa chirichonse chiri chosiyana. Ngati mau akuti "zabwino ndizo zoipa" nthawi zonse sizowona, ndiye n'zovuta kutsutsana ndi mawu oti "chirichonse chiri chamoyo chomwe sichinafe". Kotero vuto lalikulu la dichotomy izi ndizosatheka. Kuchepetsa mantha a kusadziŵika kwa kusokonezeka kwa kukhala, kuwonongeka kwa moyo ndi imfa mu filosofi ndi chipembedzo kumachepa, kumataya kusayenerera kwake. Mwachitsanzo, kwa filosofi ya Chikhristu, zikuwoneka ngati izi: "Pakuti thupi liri lonse siliri moyo, moyo sufa."
Kusamvana ndi Dualism
Kugonana kumangokhala ngati njira yogawanitsa zonse mu magawo awiri. Koma pakadali pano zinthu zimakhala zosagwirizana, osati zotsutsana, ndipo sizikukhudzana. Muzinthu zowonongekazi zikufanana ndi chikhalidwe cha dichotomy, omwe maganizo awo ali ofanana ndi ofanana. Khalidwe lachidziwitso lachidziwitso cha chikhalidwe - njira yomwe imasiyanitsa zonse kukhala magwero a zabwino ndi zoipa.
Kusintha ndi katatu
Trichotomy - njira yofanana ndi njira yogawanitsira magawo onse. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa machitidwewa ndi kupatukana kotatu kumalola kugwirizana kwa zinthu izi pakati pawo. Chinthu chodziwika kwambiri cha trichotomous division ndi lingaliro la Mulungu mu Chikhristu, loyimiridwa ndi anthu atatu kuchokera ku Utatu Woyera.