Kufunika kwa ndalama

Ndalama zakhala zikugwira ntchito yofunikira pamoyo wa munthu aliyense, ndipo chikhalidwe chawo pakubwezera malonda kwa dziko lonse lapansi chimakhudza chitukuko cha chuma cha mayiko onse.

Ndi chifukwa chake ndikofunika kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane chiyambi cha ndalama, zofunikira ndi mitundu.

Chiyambi ndi ndalama za ndalama

Kuchokera ku lingaliro la kusinthika kwa ndalama kuchokera pachiyambi, iwo anawuka chifukwa cha chitukuko chogulitsa chogulitsa, komanso kupanga. Kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko chotere, kusinthanitsa katundu, munthu sadasowe ngongole iliyonse. Yachitidwa, yotchedwa, yothetsa, ndiko kuti, mumagulitsa katunduyo ndipo nthawi imodzi mumagula wina. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, malonda a malonda anamangidwa.

Potero, njira yopangira katundu inasinthika, ndipo idakwanira kale kwa zaka 2,000 BC. ndalama zina zinayambira. Zoona, anthu onse anali omalizira kupanga mchere, ziweto, mabwato, ndi zina zotero. Choncho, ku Russia zikopa za squirrel zinali zofunika kwambiri, ku Germany - ng'ombe, ndi ku Mongolia - tiyi.

Patapita kanthawi, chitsulocho chinakhazikitsidwa, tiyeni titchule, mutu wodalirika wa ndalama, choncho golidi ndi siliva anabwera m'malo mwa mkuwa ndi chitsulo. Mpaka 19 zamakono. mayiko ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama za mitundu iwiri. Koma kale m'zaka za m'ma 1900, mayiko a ku Ulaya ankakonda golide.

Ngati tikulankhula za ndalama, monga chilankhulo cha msika padziko lonse lapansi, komanso za chiyambi cha ndalama zolipira mapepala, iwo anali oyamba ku China mu 812. Ku Ulaya, kunali m'zaka za zana la 17.

Essence ndi mitundu ya ndalama

Ndalama, ndalama ndizofunika kwambiri pa zachuma, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa pakati pa kupanga ndi malonda.

1. Ndalama zamtengo wapatali . Izi mwina ndizoyamba zoyamba zachuma, monga wogulitsa, ndi kugula. M'dziko lamakono, iwo ndi otchuka m'mayiko omwe ali ndi kutsika kwakukulu.
2. Cash . Pansi pawo munthu ayenera kumvetsetsa mabanki awiri ndi ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi manja.
3. Chizindikiro . Izi ndi zomwe mudalipira kuti mugulitse. Kusiyana kokha pakati pa ndalama zoterozo ndikoti mtengo wawo umaposa mtengo wogulitsa.
4. Kulipira kwalamulo . Munthu amasungira fomu yamtengo wapatali ngati kulipira ngongole.
5. Bank deposit . Aliyense akudziwa kuti izi ndizo ndalama zomwe mumayika ku banki.
6. Zipangizo zamakono . Amatchedwanso "maka makadi". Zimakhala ndi microprocessor, zomwe pali zambiri zokhudza ndalama zamagetsi.
7. Ndalama zopanda ndalama . Izi zikuphatikizapo nkhani mu mabanki azachuma ndi boma.
8. Makhalidwe . Ndalama zoterezi, pafupifupi, sizingagwirizane, kuba. Iwo ndi chipangizo chamagetsi, chomwe ndalama zanu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta.

Essence ndi katundu wa ndalama

Choyamba, tiyenera kudziwa kuti akuchita njira yogula ndi kugulitsa katundu, mapulogalamu, ndi zina zotero. Pankhani iyi, ndalama ndizopakatikati.

Iwo amachita monga njira yowunjikira, yomwe ili chuma chanu. Chifukwa cha katundu uyu, mukhoza kusunga, kugwira ntchito mwakhama, chuma. Ngati mukufuna, mungagwiritse ntchito ngati njira yobwezera.

Ndalama ya dziko lapansi imawonetsera makhalidwe ake pakukonzekera antchito, kukweza katundu, ndalama , ndi zina zotero. Sizingakhale zosamveka kunena kuti ndizo ndalama zogulitsa za mayiko omwe akutsogolera padziko lonse (dola), komanso zomwe zinachokera ku mgwirizanowu (euro).

Monga njira yobwezera, ndalama zimadziwonetsera pamalipiro a malipiro, kugulitsa katundu pogwiritsa ntchito ngongole, kubweza misonkho, pamene zofunikira zawo ndizofunikira pa nkhaniyi zakhala zikulimbikitsanso kubweza ndalama zogulira, mabanki a ndalama, zomwe sizingowonjezera ndalama.